ent movement and the local council committees in large
cities. The third form was inserted into some post-war
constitutions like the Italian (Article 75). Of these three
forms of direct democracy the second and third cannot
hope to substitute and, indeed, they never have substituted
the various forms of representative democracy practicable
in a democratic state; just as the various forms of
representative democracy have never pretended to substitute
and, in fact, never have substituted authoritarian forms of
exercising power as, for example, modes of bureaucratic
organization in those states which are called democratic.
Therefore on their own they cannot constitute a true and
proper alternative to the representative state: the second
because it is only applicable in small communities and
the third because it is applicable only in exceptional
circumstances of limited relevance. As for the first, with
the formation of large party organizations which sometimes
impose very strict voting discipline on the representatives
elected on their policies, the difference between a representative
with a mandate and one without becomes more
and more blurred. The deputy elected through a party
organization receives a mandate not from the electorate
but from the party which punishes the deputy by revoking
that mandate when he or she ignores discipline, which
becomes a functional replacement for the electorate's
imperative mandate.
ent movement and the local council committees in largecities. The third form was inserted into some post-warconstitutions like the Italian (Article 75). Of these threeforms of direct democracy the second and third cannothope to substitute and, indeed, they never have substitutedthe various forms of representative democracy practicablein a democratic state; just as the various forms ofrepresentative democracy have never pretended to substituteand, in fact, never have substituted authoritarian forms ofexercising power as, for example, modes of bureaucraticorganization in those states which are called democratic.Therefore on their own they cannot constitute a true andproper alternative to the representative state: the secondbecause it is only applicable in small communities andthe third because it is applicable only in exceptionalcircumstances of limited relevance. As for the first, withthe formation of large party organizations which sometimesimpose very strict voting discipline on the representativeselected on their policies, the difference between a representativewith a mandate and one without becomes moreand more blurred. The deputy elected through a partyorganization receives a mandate not from the electoratebut from the party which punishes the deputy by revokingthat mandate when he or she ignores discipline, whichbecomes a functional replacement for the electorate'simperative mandate.
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