Because scrotal circumference and body weight are positively correlated in bucks, scrotal circumference measurements are of minimal value before 14 mo of age. The testicles and epididymis should be symmetrical and firm on palpation. Any asymmetry or changes in tone may indicate infection or injury and will likely adversely affect fertility. Orchitis and epididymitis are both rare, occurring in ~1% of breeding bucks, and affected bucks should be tested for Brucella melitensis, because bred does are at risk of stillbirths and abortions. Other causes of orchitis and epididymitis are of minimal concerns for transmission; however, treatments are generally unrewarding. Caseous lymphadenitis (see Lymphadenitis and Lymphangitis), spermatic granuloma, and calcification of the testicles (which also may be due to Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection) all reduce or eliminate the buck's fertility, and infected bucks should be culled. In extreme cases, ultrasound may be used to determine whether one or both testicles are affected and if hemi-castration is an option