The basic principle for experimental design
1. Comparison/control
the experimental group is compared to concurrent controls (rather than to historical controls)
2. Replication
Reduce the effect of uncontrolled variation (i.e., increase precision)
The basic principle for experimental design 3. Randomization
Experimental subjects (“units”) should be assigned to treatment groups at random to avoid bias and control the role of chance
Statistics – derived from Statistik
Data, or information necessary to interpret the
results for solving the problem (hypothesis)
For statistical analysis, divided to 2 categories
Descriptive statistics Inferential statistics
Descriptive statistics
numbers that are used to summarize and describe data collected from an experiment, a survey, a historical record
Average (Means)
Median
Standard deviation,
Inferential statistics
infer from the sample to the population
determine probability of characteristics of population based on the characteristics of sample or data
Inferential statistics
One sample test of difference/One sample hypothesis test
Confidence Interval
Contingency Tables and Chi Square Statistic T-test or Anova, etc.
Types of research report
Research proposal Research report Research article
Review article Thesis/dissertation

To promote self study and research
To promote “love in searching and reading
characteristic”
To promote logical thinking
To promote skill in using language for knowledge collection and compilation
To promote wide and wise study
To practice students’ ability for research writing according to instructional forms