“Having a child with ASD” was a binary demographic variable, which was scored as 1 (ASD) or 0 (other disorder). “Dissat-isfaction with systems” was a single item that was developed in a previous qualitative study of mothers of children with IDsin Japan (Kimura, 2012). This item asked participants, “How do you consider current systems?” Although the term “systems”seemed broad and vague, we intended to grasp participants’ demands for adequate systems (education, information, support systems). The item was scored on a scale from 1 (It is enough) to 5 (I require significant improvement of systems), and a highertotal score indicates a higher level of system dissatisfaction (M = 3.7 SD = 1.0).