or her tacit knowledge with others by making the knowledge explicit. Internalization
transfers explicit to tacit knoiwlledge through learning by the individual. The fourth
mode, combination, relies on formal electronic communication methods fclr sharing
explicit knowledge between individuals.
Taking a project view of organizational actions, organizational learning takes place at
two time periods: intra- and inter-project. Intra-project learning is the learning
existing team members complete on the tasks within the project. Inter-project learning
is the sharing of the knowledge between projects. The intra-project learning serves as
the foundation for the inter-project learning by providing the experiences to be
assimilated for the end of the project learning.
The intra-project organizational learning process focuses on the tasks within a single
project. The creation of organizational memory during intra-project takes place
during the project planning, execution, and close-oul phases. Knowledge is created in
1) the definition of the project plan and 2) the comparison of the actual results to the
plan. Explanations for both performance variances and non-variances offer
opportunities for learning. Innovative approaches for completing a task should be
documented as well as any major problems encountered and the approaches used to
overcome the problems. Knowledge creation produces a lesson learned (Juran 1988)
which includes the following components: plan (goals, conditions, and steps or
actions); results; and recommendations (what worked and why, and what didn’t work
and why) (Kotnour 1995). Knowledge assimilation occurs through the continuous
capture and storage of the lessons learned. Knowledge dissemination occurs through
the virtual workers sharing amongst themselves whai has been learned on their given
tasks and sharing the gained knowledge for inter-project learning. The intra-learning
focuses on the tasks within a project.
Inter-project learning focuses on taking the knowledge created, assimilatedl, and
disseminated from the intra-project learning and assimilating and applying
appropriately new knowledge ?with past project knovvledge to support knovvledge
dissemination to and creation in other projects. The inter-project knowledge creation
is the drawing of lessons learnled from a single project (i.e., lessons learned for the
project). The knowledge assiimilation is the combiniing of lessons learned aLcross
projects to develop new knowledge. The dissemination function is the sharing of
lessons learned across projects to support intra-project learning for the next project.
The cycle begins anew for each project.
The characteristics of the vintual organization pose possible barriers and
enhancements to the organizational learning modes and timing. We hypothesize that
the socialization, externalization, and internalization modes are most exhiblited by the
high levels of informal comrnrinications exhibited in the physical co-location of
workers in communities of practice (Brown & Dugiiid 1991). Traditional balances
and expressions between these three modes may be modified for sharing knowledge
in the virtual organization because the very nature of the virtual organization relies on
electronic communication; that is, during the project the communities of practice may
be primarily electronic communities. An analogy may be drawn between the dynamic
changes that occurred in the actors when the entertainment industry shifted from
radio to television or silent filims to talking films. Immediately the dynamics clhanged
the qualities needed for success. These three modes may be modified for inter-project
learning because workers within a virtual organization will be consistently changing
from prqiect to project. Therefore, the combination mode of sharing explicit to
explicit knowledge may be a primary source for sharing knowledge within and
between projects Based on the characteristics of the virtual organization and the need
for organizational learning in the virtual organization, we offer the following
hypotheses to base our description of knowledge management tools to support
organizational learning in a virtual organization
or her tacit knowledge with others by making the knowledge explicit. Internalization
transfers explicit to tacit knoiwlledge through learning by the individual. The fourth
mode, combination, relies on formal electronic communication methods fclr sharing
explicit knowledge between individuals.
Taking a project view of organizational actions, organizational learning takes place at
two time periods: intra- and inter-project. Intra-project learning is the learning
existing team members complete on the tasks within the project. Inter-project learning
is the sharing of the knowledge between projects. The intra-project learning serves as
the foundation for the inter-project learning by providing the experiences to be
assimilated for the end of the project learning.
The intra-project organizational learning process focuses on the tasks within a single
project. The creation of organizational memory during intra-project takes place
during the project planning, execution, and close-oul phases. Knowledge is created in
1) the definition of the project plan and 2) the comparison of the actual results to the
plan. Explanations for both performance variances and non-variances offer
opportunities for learning. Innovative approaches for completing a task should be
documented as well as any major problems encountered and the approaches used to
overcome the problems. Knowledge creation produces a lesson learned (Juran 1988)
which includes the following components: plan (goals, conditions, and steps or
actions); results; and recommendations (what worked and why, and what didn’t work
and why) (Kotnour 1995). Knowledge assimilation occurs through the continuous
capture and storage of the lessons learned. Knowledge dissemination occurs through
the virtual workers sharing amongst themselves whai has been learned on their given
tasks and sharing the gained knowledge for inter-project learning. The intra-learning
focuses on the tasks within a project.
Inter-project learning focuses on taking the knowledge created, assimilatedl, and
disseminated from the intra-project learning and assimilating and applying
appropriately new knowledge ?with past project knovvledge to support knovvledge
dissemination to and creation in other projects. The inter-project knowledge creation
is the drawing of lessons learnled from a single project (i.e., lessons learned for the
project). The knowledge assiimilation is the combiniing of lessons learned aLcross
projects to develop new knowledge. The dissemination function is the sharing of
lessons learned across projects to support intra-project learning for the next project.
The cycle begins anew for each project.
The characteristics of the vintual organization pose possible barriers and
enhancements to the organizational learning modes and timing. We hypothesize that
the socialization, externalization, and internalization modes are most exhiblited by the
high levels of informal comrnrinications exhibited in the physical co-location of
workers in communities of practice (Brown & Dugiiid 1991). Traditional balances
and expressions between these three modes may be modified for sharing knowledge
in the virtual organization because the very nature of the virtual organization relies on
electronic communication; that is, during the project the communities of practice may
be primarily electronic communities. An analogy may be drawn between the dynamic
changes that occurred in the actors when the entertainment industry shifted from
radio to television or silent filims to talking films. Immediately the dynamics clhanged
the qualities needed for success. These three modes may be modified for inter-project
learning because workers within a virtual organization will be consistently changing
from prqiect to project. Therefore, the combination mode of sharing explicit to
explicit knowledge may be a primary source for sharing knowledge within and
between projects Based on the characteristics of the virtual organization and the need
for organizational learning in the virtual organization, we offer the following
hypotheses to base our description of knowledge management tools to support
organizational learning in a virtual organization
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