The present research also confirms previous cross-sectional findings concern- ing the effects of gender, ethnicity, and education on self-esteem (Gray-Little & Haldahl, 2000; Kling et al., 1999: Robins et al., 2002; Twenge & Crocker, 2002), However, the present research provides for significantly stronger conclusions about the emects of these variables, due to the cohort-sequential longitudinal study design and the sample's broad age range from 25 years to 104 years