gave this example:
‘‘when determining how confident you are at
correctly recalling the items at the grocery store,
you may decide that you are 40% confident you
will recall ketchup, eggs, and milk; but 80%
confident you will recall bananas and bread.
Averaged across items, you are 56% confident
you will recall these; however at the grocery
store, you recall only 40% of the items. Thus,
you were over-confident by 16%’’ (p. 143).
These two outcome measures vary independently;
that is, individuals can be accurate at
monitoring their recall but over-confident.