4.4. How project success is defined in the papers
In the 26 publications on the relation between risk management and project success that were investigated, the traditional manner of defining and determining project success (The Standish Group International, 1999; Royal Academy of Engineering, 2004) is still very common. About two third of the publications dealt with in this paper refer to project success in terms of compliance with time limits, cost limits and meeting requirements (see Fig. 5). A clear definition of project success, however, often remains rather implicit, as illustrated by e.g. Conrow and Shishido (1997) in the introduction to their paper: ‘‘rising costs, falling performance and slipping schedules are common problems . . .”, followed by a reference to a 1994 Standish report on the success and failure of IT projects, and a discussion about risk and risk management. In the remainder of their study, project success is neither mentioned nor defined. Also Kutsch and Hall (2005) and Dey