1. Introduction
Several official reports, books and journal papers address the relationship between economic development and the
implementation of sustainable energy systems. Some papers address the relationship between economic growth and growth in energy demands [1e5], however, without having a particular focus on the influence of job creation or the import of fossil fuels. Other papers quantify job creation of certain energy investments and strategies [6e14] or include job creation as a parameter in multi-criteria decision-making [15,16], however, without relating such quantification to economic growth or public expenditures. Moreover some papers discuss the relationship between economy and fossil fuels [17] including energy security [18] as well as the financial crisis [19].
Several papers concern the relationship between economic growth and the abatement of greenhouse gasses [20e22]. They see the market as basically in balance at a macro-level, though, not including the external costs of greenhouse gas emissions in the production functions. Consequently, they assume that long-term unemployment will not exist and that the costs of labour for society will therefore be equal to the costs of labour on the market. The exclusion of greenhouse gas emission costs from the production