The Underwriting Syndicate
In an IPO, just as in any capital raising exercise, the firm and its appointed investment bank need to agree on the basis of the underwriting. There are several variants of underwriting: firm commitment (hard underwriting); best efforts auction; and bookbuilding. They vary in terms of the risk exposure
to the firm and the investment bank, which is inversely correlated. The most risky (east risky) underwriting is to the investment bank is firm commitment (best efforts). Under hard underwriting, the firm is guaranteed a fixed price in respect of the number of shares in question. If the market suddenly turns southwards, and the demand is weak, the investment bank would be responsible for making up the shortfall, receiving in return the shares that were not taken up by the market. In perspective, this is tantamount to the investment banks in the syndicate providing financing for the firm, which is a risk that investment banks do not usually like to take. As an example, let's say that the firm to raise S100 in the IPO. The investment bank the firm $100 million in proceeds after deducting the requisite expenses from the fund raising exercise. If the deal hits the market when it sentiment is weak, and say only million of the S100 million were taken up, then the other S20 million of financing would be provided by the banks. The investment banks would then have to sell down their exposure over time. If it was best efforts, then the investment bank would not have such obligations.
The Underwriting SyndicateIn an IPO, just as in any capital raising exercise, the firm and its appointed investment bank need to agree on the basis of the underwriting. There are several variants of underwriting: firm commitment (hard underwriting); best efforts auction; and bookbuilding. They vary in terms of the risk exposureto the firm and the investment bank, which is inversely correlated. The most risky (east risky) underwriting is to the investment bank is firm commitment (best efforts). Under hard underwriting, the firm is guaranteed a fixed price in respect of the number of shares in question. If the market suddenly turns southwards, and the demand is weak, the investment bank would be responsible for making up the shortfall, receiving in return the shares that were not taken up by the market. In perspective, this is tantamount to the investment banks in the syndicate providing financing for the firm, which is a risk that investment banks do not usually like to take. As an example, let's say that the firm to raise S100 in the IPO. The investment bank the firm $100 million in proceeds after deducting the requisite expenses from the fund raising exercise. If the deal hits the market when it sentiment is weak, and say only million of the S100 million were taken up, then the other S20 million of financing would be provided by the banks. The investment banks would then have to sell down their exposure over time. If it was best efforts, then the investment bank would not have such obligations.
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