Apart from these static and dynamic general theories, there exists a
considerable number of case studies which apply public choice analysis to
specific policy areas and key events of European integration. Most of them
concern the common agricultural policy, external trade protection, the
Internal Market Programme, monetary cooperation, fiscal policy, taxation
and transfers. Owing to shortage of space, no more than a brief overview can
be provided.
The public choice aspects of the common agricultural policy have recently
been surveyed by Josling and Moyer (1991). Koester (1978) and Schmitt
(1984) emphasized the fact that the Council of Ministers of Agriculture is not
financially accountable. Moreover, the Council of Ministers is more accessible
for the agricultural lobby than a (large) parliament (Schmitt, 1984;
Senior Nello, 1984). Haase (1983), Beusmann and Hagedorn (1984) and
Senior Nello (1984) applied Olson’s (1965) theory of interest groups to
explain why the farm lobby is well organized, why it is dominated by large
farmers and why it dominates over consumer and taxpayer interests.
Hirschman (1981b, p. 272) suggested that the trade-diverting characteristics
of the common agricultural policy played a crucial role in gaining support
for it in some member countries. Von Witzke (1986) showed that the level of
EC agricultural price support depends on agricultural income and budgetary
expenditures.
In the literature on the political economy of protection, there are numerous
references to the common commercial policy of the EC. Weiss (1987) tests
the hypothesis that the change of an industry’s effective protection depends
on its factor intensities, its regional and firm concentration and its initial
level of protection. The most important public choice study of EC commercial
policy (‘anti-dumping’, ‘voluntary export restraints’ and the authorization
of national protection) is provided by Schuknecht (1992a); see also
Schuknecht (1991). He compares the various instruments with respect to the
degree of political discretion, transparency, precision and the required degree
Apart from these static and dynamic general theories, there exists aconsiderable number of case studies which apply public choice analysis tospecific policy areas and key events of European integration. Most of themconcern the common agricultural policy, external trade protection, theInternal Market Programme, monetary cooperation, fiscal policy, taxationand transfers. Owing to shortage of space, no more than a brief overview canbe provided.The public choice aspects of the common agricultural policy have recentlybeen surveyed by Josling and Moyer (1991). Koester (1978) and Schmitt(1984) emphasized the fact that the Council of Ministers of Agriculture is notfinancially accountable. Moreover, the Council of Ministers is more accessiblefor the agricultural lobby than a (large) parliament (Schmitt, 1984;Senior Nello, 1984). Haase (1983), Beusmann and Hagedorn (1984) andSenior Nello (1984) applied Olson’s (1965) theory of interest groups toexplain why the farm lobby is well organized, why it is dominated by largefarmers and why it dominates over consumer and taxpayer interests.Hirschman (1981b, p. 272) suggested that the trade-diverting characteristicsof the common agricultural policy played a crucial role in gaining supportfor it in some member countries. Von Witzke (1986) showed that the level ofEC agricultural price support depends on agricultural income and budgetaryexpenditures.In the literature on the political economy of protection, there are numerousreferences to the common commercial policy of the EC. Weiss (1987) teststhe hypothesis that the change of an industry’s effective protection dependson its factor intensities, its regional and firm concentration and its initiallevel of protection. The most important public choice study of EC commercialpolicy (‘anti-dumping’, ‘voluntary export restraints’ and the authorizationof national protection) is provided by Schuknecht (1992a); see alsoSchuknecht (1991). He compares the various instruments with respect to thedegree of political discretion, transparency, precision and the required degree
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
