Random sampling:
First, a word about random sampling. What is outlined below is a variety of ways to count animals,
estimate density and characterize an area. Since we can neither count everything, nor map the entire area,
we are left with a decision: where should we sample, and how often should we do it? The first question is
answered in part with random sampling. The second often needs an initial data set to be answered.
Random sampling in theory assures that all areas within a site have an equal opportunity of being
sampled. This removes potential bias by the researcher, as we tend to focus our attention on the most
beautiful, or most 'different' habitats and organisms. By placing the transect and randomly designating an
area within it to focus the counts, we limit bias, and get a better representation of the population we are
studying. For example, you may be a fish watcher. On an average dive, you may swim quickly looking
for fish, and notice schools of them. You may get the impression that fish are quite numerous at that site.
If you choose transects though, and limit your field of view, you may soon realize that the fish are
actually not very numerous, but are distributed in a clumped or patchy fashion.