To assess the association between corporate governance mechanisms and
management’s decision to issue an earnings forecast, we initially compare
the governance characteristics of 517 firm-years that had at least one management
forecast with the respective characteristics of 757 firm-years that
had no management forecasts. We assess statistical differences using both
the parametric t-test and the nonparametric Wilcoxon z-test, and present
the results in table 1. Consistent with our first research proposition, firms
making forecasts have a greater fraction of institutional ownership, and their
audit committees meet more frequently. In contrast, the forecast years are associated
with lower inside ownership levels. Management is also more likely
to make an earnings forecast when analyst forecasts are less dispersed, and
when the firm is followed by more analysts, belongs in a high-tech industry,
and is larger.
In table 2 we present Pearson (Spearman) pairwise correlations above
(below) the diagonal among the governance variables and the forecast likelihood
dummy. Results between Pearson and Spearman correlations are
generally similar. Board and audit committee efficacy variables and institutional
ownership are generally positively related, suggesting that these measures
serve as complements in disciplining management. Nevertheless, the
correlation coefficients are always below 0.40, suggesting that each measure
captures a sufficiently distinct dimension of the monitoring process. Inside
ownership is negatively related to board and audit committee measures,
consistent with the notion that it is a substitute monitoring mechanism;
that is, there is a greater need for effective boards and audit committees in
firms with low managerial ownership levels. Last, there is weak evidence that
management forecasts are correlated with relatively more active boards and
audit committees and with lower inside ownership levels.
To assess the association between corporate governance mechanisms and
management’s decision to issue an earnings forecast, we initially compare
the governance characteristics of 517 firm-years that had at least one management
forecast with the respective characteristics of 757 firm-years that
had no management forecasts. We assess statistical differences using both
the parametric t-test and the nonparametric Wilcoxon z-test, and present
the results in table 1. Consistent with our first research proposition, firms
making forecasts have a greater fraction of institutional ownership, and their
audit committees meet more frequently. In contrast, the forecast years are associated
with lower inside ownership levels. Management is also more likely
to make an earnings forecast when analyst forecasts are less dispersed, and
when the firm is followed by more analysts, belongs in a high-tech industry,
and is larger.
In table 2 we present Pearson (Spearman) pairwise correlations above
(below) the diagonal among the governance variables and the forecast likelihood
dummy. Results between Pearson and Spearman correlations are
generally similar. Board and audit committee efficacy variables and institutional
ownership are generally positively related, suggesting that these measures
serve as complements in disciplining management. Nevertheless, the
correlation coefficients are always below 0.40, suggesting that each measure
captures a sufficiently distinct dimension of the monitoring process. Inside
ownership is negatively related to board and audit committee measures,
consistent with the notion that it is a substitute monitoring mechanism;
that is, there is a greater need for effective boards and audit committees in
firms with low managerial ownership levels. Last, there is weak evidence that
management forecasts are correlated with relatively more active boards and
audit committees and with lower inside ownership levels.
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