(3) Actus Reus and the Object of Criminal Offenses
In Japanese law, typical modi operandi in cybercrimes are “unauthorized access” (Article 2 of the Act on Prohibition of Unauthorized Computer Access), “creation,” “offer (provision),” and “execution” (Article 168-2 of the Penal Code).
One of the typical objects of offenses is the “electromagnetic record” as defined in Article 7-2 of the Penal Code.5