ABSTRACT
Knowledge and human capital are becoming a vital link in ensuring the competitiveness of hotel
enterprises. The development of a knowledge-based economy has had a large impact on changes in the HRM
function. Efficient and sustainable human resource management (HRM) will became a major factor and
facilitator in the process of knowledge management implementation.
This paper analyzes the efficiency and sustainability of human resource management in terms of
activities that contribute to knowledge management in the hotel enterprises. The study was conducted in the
medium and large-sized hotel enterprises in Croatia.
Key words: HRM, knowledge management, hotel industry, knowledge, human capital
INTRODUCTION
The hotel industry is faced with growing global competition, and rapid and dynamic change in its
environment. The hospitality industry as a work-intensive and service-rendering industry depends to the great
extent on the quality of personnel. In the knowledge economy, personnel are seen as human capital, and the key
knowledge they possess, as the most important resource. The importance of worker knowledge, competencies
and skills is becoming all the greater, because of the specific features of the hotel industry, the characteristics of
the products and services it offers, and the very customers that consume these services. (Vujić, Črnjar,
Maškarin, 2009). To achieve business excellence and perform well, the development of the hotel industry is
based on the principles of efficiency and sustainability in all segments of business.
Knowledge management (KM) principles and initiatives have been present for many years in economic
practice and in the world’s hotel industry. It is «a process that helps organizations find, organize, disseminate
and transmit important information and qualified knowledge for the activities of an enterprise, such as solving
issues, strategic planning, decision-making, etc.» (Hussain, 2004:1). The application of newer concepts of
knowledge management is gaining significance. The success of the hotel enterprise will strongly depend on the
ability to acquire, develop, accumulate and distribute the knowledge assets, in other words, on the management
of knowledge. The key factor in the success of such an initiative is efficient and sustainable human resource
management (HRM).
The development of a knowledge-based economy has had a large impact on changes in the HRM
function and its roles. Traditional processes within HRM are being transformed to support changes brought
about by the knowledge-based economy. HRM will not be tied to specific functional responsibilities but is role-
2
based and contributes directly to the creation of organizational capabilities. New roles for human resource
management are: human capital steward, knowledge facilitator, relationship builder and rapid deployment
specialist (Lengnick-Hall, 2003: 33). The rigid boundaries between various functions within enterprises are
disappearing, while the role of HRM is expanding within each area of managerial work and activities. The
processes of managing human capital in the modern hotel enterprise should considerably facilitate and support
the implementation and realization of KM initiatives, through education, human capital development, teamwork,
employee motivation, etc.
To establish the level of knowledge management in the Croatian hotel industry, a questionnaire-based
survey was conducted in large and mid-sized hotel enterprises in Croatia’s two most important regions.
Research focused on analyzing the current state of knowledge management strategy from a variety of aspects.
Among others objectives, research aimed at establishing the sustainability and efficiency of human capital
management with regard to the activities through which it contributes towards ensuring the management of
knowledge in hotel enterprises.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND SAMPLE
The survey in the Croatian hotel industry was conducted in 2009. It focused on knowledge management
strategy and its importance in achieving competitive advantages in large and medium-sized hotel companies
(Črnjar, 2010). Previously mentioned questionnaire was posted online. Target respondents were human
resource managers or, if the hotel enterprise did not have such a manager, other managers considered as being
the most knowledgeable of the existing state of knowledge and human resource management in their respective
enterprises. Eighty per cent of the total number of hotel enterprises filled out and returned the questionnaire.
For the purposes of this empirical research, a questionnaire was created. The questionnaire consisted of
three parts and was based on previous research in this area (OECD, 2001, APQC, 2009, Davenport and Prusak
(1998), Hansel et al (1999), Zack (2000), Amidon and Skyrme (1999), McKinsey (1998) etc.). The first part of
the questionnaire, entitled "Competitiveness and human resource management in the hospitality industry"
contained a total of six questions. Data was collected on the organization of human resources management in the
hotel business, the impact of different aspects in gaining competitive advantages of hotel companies, the HR
managers’ expectations in terms of the efficiency of human resource management, the implementation of
activities in management of human resources, and on reporting on human resources. The second group of
questions, called "Knowledge management in the hospitality industry", comprised a total of eight questions. The
answers to these questions provide insight into the existence of a knowledge management strategy in the hotel
company and the development of this strategy. Questions focused on the assessment of existing instruments and
activities relevant to knowledge management, the reasons that would motivate a hotel enterprise to introduce
programs of knowledge management, knowledge management’s contribution to achieving company goals, and
the obstacles that stand before the implementation of knowledge management initiatives in the hotel company.
"Knowledge as a strategic resource of hotel companies' was the name of the third part, which included a total of
twelve questions. The answers to these questions gave insight into the new knowledge in the hotel company, the
activities aimed at collecting knowledge and experience of employees, the obstacles to the implementation of
new ideas, the new categories of knowledge, skills and competencies important for the hotel industry, and the
degree of cooperation with an enterprise’s environment in terms of sharing and gathering information and
knowledge.
The study sample was selected and its size corresponds to the total number of large and medium-sized
hotel companies in Primorsko-Goranska County and Istria County (according to FINE). The study included
47% of large-sized hotel enterprises (of the 26 companies in Croatia, five are located in Primorsko-Goranska
County, and seven in Istria County) and 25% of medium-sized hotel enterprises (of the 74 companies at the
national level, 12 are located in Primorsko-Goranska County, and six in Istria County). If we look at hotel
companies by type of ownership:
• 58% of hotel companies are privately owned, since their founding and following the
transformation process.
• 32% are in mixed ownership with a dominant share of private capital.
• 10% are in mixed ownership with a dominant share of the state capital.
3
Looking at revenue in the Croatian hotel industry, we see that 45.61% of all revenue is generated in
these two counties. The total number of employees in hotels and similar accommodations at the national level is
32,463 employees, of which 39.27% are in Primorsko-Goranska County (5,056) and Istria County (7,692).
THE EFFICIENCY OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN CROATIAN MEDIUM
AND LARGE-SIZED HOTEL ENTERPRISES
Both the hospitality industry and HRM have experienced significant changes. New trends and changes
in the hospitality industry and the economy, in general, have influenced the development of HRM in the
knowledge economy. Some of these changes are seen as follows: employees and their skills are becoming the
most important asset of any company upon which its competitive advantage is based; the quality of hotel
products and services will be directly affected by the customer–employee relationship; rapid technological
changes are influencing the way tasks are performed; the importance of teamwork and interdisciplinary
knowledge of staff and experts is growing; employee and customer satisfaction are crucial to the success of a
company; interest in the environment and sustainable development is increasing; social and technological
changes will force companies to constantly innovate their employees’ knowledge; globalization and increased
competition are affecting labor markets and tourism ;a lack of high-quality employees in the tourism sector is
the result of the poor image of the hotel industry, inadequate education and development of employees, low
wages, etc.
HRM in the knowledge-based economy and, particularly, in the hotel industry needs to be efficient and
sustainable. The sustainable and efficient management of human resources is focused on the following
characteristics (Goldsmith, Nickson 1997, 12-13):
• Enterprise policy focuses on minimizing employee turnover.
• Clearly defined criteria for advancement of employees.
• Development of key employees for the business enterprise should be carried out within the company.
• Bringing key employees from other companies.
• Possibility for advancement and development of all employees.
• Mobility of employees within the company.
• Applying the principle of “permanent seasonal workers”
• Management supports the education of all employees.
• Delegating responsibilities at all levels of the company.
• The existence of a training plan, training and employee development.
• Developing a career plan for each employee and monitoring its implementation.
• Recruitment o
บทคัดย่อความรู้และทุนมนุษย์จะกลายเป็น การเชื่อมโยงที่สำคัญในการบริการของโรงแรมองค์กร การพัฒนาของระบบเศรษฐกิจความรู้มีกระทบต่อมนุษย์ในการเปลี่ยนแปลงฟังก์ชันการ จัดการมีประสิทธิภาพ และยั่งยืนทรัพยากรมนุษย์ (HRM) จะกลายเป็น ปัจจัยสำคัญ และสัมภาษณ์ในขั้นตอนการดำเนินการจัดการความรู้กระดาษนี้วิเคราะห์ประสิทธิภาพและความยั่งยืนของการจัดการทรัพยากรมนุษย์ในรูปของกิจกรรมที่นำไปสู่การจัดการความรู้ในองค์กรโรงแรม การวิจัยในการขนาดกลางและองค์กรขนาดใหญ่โรงแรมในโครเอเชียคำสำคัญ: HRM จัดการความรู้ ธุรกิจโรงแรม ความรู้ ทุนมนุษย์แนะนำอุตสาหกรรมโรงแรมจะประสบกับการแข่งขันระดับโลก และการเปลี่ยนแปลงอย่างรวดเร็ว และแบบไดนามิกในการเจริญเติบโตของสภาพแวดล้อม อุตสาหกรรมเป็นอุตสาหกรรมเร่ง รัดงาน และบริการแสดงผลขึ้นอยู่กับราชระดับคุณภาพของบุคลากร ในเศรษฐกิจความรู้ เห็นบุคลากรเป็นทุนมนุษย์ และสำคัญความรู้ที่พวกเขามี เป็นทรัพยากรสำคัญที่สุด ความสำคัญของความรู้ของผู้ปฏิบัติงาน ความสามารถและทักษะเป็น ทั้งหมดยิ่ง เนื่องจากคุณลักษณะเฉพาะของอุตสาหกรรมโรงแรม ลักษณะของผลิตภัณฑ์ และบริการ และบริการมากลูกค้าที่ใช้บริการเหล่านี้ (Vujić, ČrnjarMaškarin, 2009) เพื่อบรรลุความเป็นเลิศทางธุรกิจ และทำดี การพัฒนาของอุตสาหกรรมโรงแรมตามหลักการของประสิทธิภาพและความยั่งยืนในเซ็กเมนต์ทั้งหมดของธุรกิจหลักการบริหารงาน (KM) ความรู้และริเริ่มได้อยู่หลายปีในทางเศรษฐกิจปฏิบัติและ ในอุตสาหกรรมการโรงแรมของโลก เป็น «กระบวนการที่ช่วยให้องค์กรค้นหา จัด กระจายและส่งข้อมูลที่สำคัญและความรู้ที่เหมาะสมสำหรับกิจกรรมขององค์กร เช่นแก้ปัญหา การวางแผนเชิงกลยุทธ์ ตัดสินใจ ฯลฯ » (ชาร์ 2004:1) การประยุกต์ใช้แนวคิดใหม่ของจัดการความรู้จะได้รับความสำคัญ ความสำเร็จขององค์กรโรงแรมจะขอขึ้นอยู่กับการความสามารถในการได้รับ พัฒนา สะสม และกระจายสินทรัพย์ความรู้ ในคำอื่น ๆ ในการบริหารจัดการความรู้ ปัจจัยสำคัญในความสำเร็จของการริเริ่มการเป็นทรัพยากรมนุษย์ที่มีประสิทธิภาพ และยั่งยืนการจัดการ (HRM)การพัฒนาของระบบเศรษฐกิจความรู้มีกระทบต่อมนุษย์ในการเปลี่ยนแปลงหน้าที่และบทบาทของ กระบวนการแบบดั้งเดิมภายใน HRM จะถูกแปลงไปสนับสนุนการเปลี่ยนแปลงที่นำมาเกี่ยวกับเศรษฐกิจความรู้โดยการ HRM จะไม่ผูกพันเฉพาะที่รับผิดชอบทำงาน แต่มีบทบาท-2ขึ้น และสามารถสร้างความสามารถขององค์กร บทบาทใหม่สำหรับทรัพยากรบุคคลจัดการได้: steward ทุนมนุษย์ สัมภาษณ์รู้ สร้างความสัมพันธ์ และการใช้งานอย่างรวดเร็วผู้เชี่ยวชาญ (Lengnick-ฮอลล์ 2003:33) มีขอบแข็งระหว่างฟังก์ชันต่าง ๆ ภายในองค์กรdisappearing, while the role of HRM is expanding within each area of managerial work and activities. Theprocesses of managing human capital in the modern hotel enterprise should considerably facilitate and supportthe implementation and realization of KM initiatives, through education, human capital development, teamwork,employee motivation, etc.To establish the level of knowledge management in the Croatian hotel industry, a questionnaire-basedsurvey was conducted in large and mid-sized hotel enterprises in Croatia’s two most important regions.Research focused on analyzing the current state of knowledge management strategy from a variety of aspects.Among others objectives, research aimed at establishing the sustainability and efficiency of human capitalmanagement with regard to the activities through which it contributes towards ensuring the management ofknowledge in hotel enterprises.RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND SAMPLEThe survey in the Croatian hotel industry was conducted in 2009. It focused on knowledge managementstrategy and its importance in achieving competitive advantages in large and medium-sized hotel companies(Črnjar, 2010). Previously mentioned questionnaire was posted online. Target respondents were humanresource managers or, if the hotel enterprise did not have such a manager, other managers considered as beingthe most knowledgeable of the existing state of knowledge and human resource management in their respectiveenterprises. Eighty per cent of the total number of hotel enterprises filled out and returned the questionnaire.For the purposes of this empirical research, a questionnaire was created. The questionnaire consisted ofthree parts and was based on previous research in this area (OECD, 2001, APQC, 2009, Davenport and Prusak(1998), Hansel et al (1999), Zack (2000), Amidon and Skyrme (1999), McKinsey (1998) etc.). The first part ofthe questionnaire, entitled "Competitiveness and human resource management in the hospitality industry"contained a total of six questions. Data was collected on the organization of human resources management in thehotel business, the impact of different aspects in gaining competitive advantages of hotel companies, the HRmanagers’ expectations in terms of the efficiency of human resource management, the implementation ofactivities in management of human resources, and on reporting on human resources. The second group ofquestions, called "Knowledge management in the hospitality industry", comprised a total of eight questions. Theanswers to these questions provide insight into the existence of a knowledge management strategy in the hotelcompany and the development of this strategy. Questions focused on the assessment of existing instruments andactivities relevant to knowledge management, the reasons that would motivate a hotel enterprise to introduceprograms of knowledge management, knowledge management’s contribution to achieving company goals, andthe obstacles that stand before the implementation of knowledge management initiatives in the hotel company.
"Knowledge as a strategic resource of hotel companies' was the name of the third part, which included a total of
twelve questions. The answers to these questions gave insight into the new knowledge in the hotel company, the
activities aimed at collecting knowledge and experience of employees, the obstacles to the implementation of
new ideas, the new categories of knowledge, skills and competencies important for the hotel industry, and the
degree of cooperation with an enterprise’s environment in terms of sharing and gathering information and
knowledge.
The study sample was selected and its size corresponds to the total number of large and medium-sized
hotel companies in Primorsko-Goranska County and Istria County (according to FINE). The study included
47% of large-sized hotel enterprises (of the 26 companies in Croatia, five are located in Primorsko-Goranska
County, and seven in Istria County) and 25% of medium-sized hotel enterprises (of the 74 companies at the
national level, 12 are located in Primorsko-Goranska County, and six in Istria County). If we look at hotel
companies by type of ownership:
• 58% of hotel companies are privately owned, since their founding and following the
transformation process.
• 32% are in mixed ownership with a dominant share of private capital.
• 10% are in mixed ownership with a dominant share of the state capital.
3
Looking at revenue in the Croatian hotel industry, we see that 45.61% of all revenue is generated in
these two counties. The total number of employees in hotels and similar accommodations at the national level is
32,463 employees, of which 39.27% are in Primorsko-Goranska County (5,056) and Istria County (7,692).
THE EFFICIENCY OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN CROATIAN MEDIUM
AND LARGE-SIZED HOTEL ENTERPRISES
Both the hospitality industry and HRM have experienced significant changes. New trends and changes
in the hospitality industry and the economy, in general, have influenced the development of HRM in the
knowledge economy. Some of these changes are seen as follows: employees and their skills are becoming the
most important asset of any company upon which its competitive advantage is based; the quality of hotel
products and services will be directly affected by the customer–employee relationship; rapid technological
changes are influencing the way tasks are performed; the importance of teamwork and interdisciplinary
knowledge of staff and experts is growing; employee and customer satisfaction are crucial to the success of a
company; interest in the environment and sustainable development is increasing; social and technological
changes will force companies to constantly innovate their employees’ knowledge; globalization and increased
competition are affecting labor markets and tourism ;a lack of high-quality employees in the tourism sector is
the result of the poor image of the hotel industry, inadequate education and development of employees, low
wages, etc.
HRM in the knowledge-based economy and, particularly, in the hotel industry needs to be efficient and
sustainable. The sustainable and efficient management of human resources is focused on the following
characteristics (Goldsmith, Nickson 1997, 12-13):
• Enterprise policy focuses on minimizing employee turnover.
• Clearly defined criteria for advancement of employees.
• Development of key employees for the business enterprise should be carried out within the company.
• Bringing key employees from other companies.
• Possibility for advancement and development of all employees.
• Mobility of employees within the company.
• Applying the principle of “permanent seasonal workers”
• Management supports the education of all employees.
• Delegating responsibilities at all levels of the company.
• The existence of a training plan, training and employee development.
• Developing a career plan for each employee and monitoring its implementation.
• Recruitment o
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