which results from long-term exposure to much lower concentrations
of the gas and is essentially cumulative in nature, taking the form of reduced growth and yield
and increased senescence, often with no clear visible symptoms or else with some degree of
chlorosis. The effects of a given dose of sulfur dioxide can be modified by prevailing
environmental conditions. Conversely sulfur dioxide can also modify the response of plants to
other environmental stresses, both biotic and abiotic, often exacerbating their adverse impacts.