John Huss (Jan Hus) was born in Bohemia (now part of the Czech Republic) in about 1371. He received a master's degree from Charles University in Prague in 1396, became a professor of theology in 1398, was ordained to the priesthood in 1400, was made rector of the University in 1402, and in 1404 received a bachelor's degree in theology (presumably a more advanced degree than the term suggests today).
In his day, there was a crisis of authority in the Western Church. In 1305, under pressure from the King of France, the seat of the Popes was move from Rome to Avignon in France, where it remained for 70 years. (This period is called the Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy, suggesting the 70 years that Jerusalem lay desolate after when the Jews were deported to Babylon.) In 1376, the then pope returned to Rome. When he died soon after, the cardinals, mostly French, were disposed to elect a French Pope, but the people of Rome objected, fearing that a Frence Pope would move the Papacy back to France. The cardinals therefore elected an Italian Pope, and then fled elsewhere, where they elected a French Pope and said that the first election had been under duress, and was void. Thus there were two (later three) claimants for the Papal Office. The Council of Constance was called to settle the matter. One claimant recognized the Council and then abdicated. The Council responded by proclaiming that he had been the true Pope. It then deposed the other two, and elected a new Pope, thus healing the schism.
Meanwhile, Huss had begun to denounce various church abuses in his sermons. His disputes with authority did not concern basic theological issues, but rather matters of church discipline and practice. The custom had arisen, at celebrations of the Lord's Supper, of distributing the consecrated bread to all Christians in good standing who desired to receive it, but restricting the chalice to the celebrant alone. Huss denounced this restriction as contrary to Holy Scripture and to the ancient tradition of the Church. He also held that Church officials ought to exercise spiritual powers only, and not be earthly governors. In 1412 his archbishop excommunicated him, not for heresy, but for insubordination. (The real problem was that Huss supported one papal claimant and the archbishop another. Huss's candidate was ultimately declared to be the true pope.) Matters came to a head when one claimant (later declared unfit) proclaimed a sale of indulgences to raise money for a war against his rivals. Huss was horrified at the idea of selling spiritual benefits to finance a war between two claimants to the title "Servant of the Servants of God," and said so.
In 1414 he was summoned to the Council of Constance, with the Emperor guaranteeing his personal safety even if found guilty. He was tried, and ordered to recant certain heretical doctrines. He replied that he had never held or taught the doctrines in question, and was willing to declare the doctrines false, but not willing to declare on oath that he had once taught them. The one point on which Huss could be said to have a doctrinal difference with the Council was that he taught that the office of the pope did no exist by Divine command, but was established by the Church that things might be done in an orderly fashion (a view that he shared with Thomas More). The Council, having just narrowly succeeded in uniting Western Christendom under a single pope after years of chaos, was not about to have its work undone. It accordingly found him guilty of heresy, and he was burned at the stake on 6 July 1415.
After his death, his followers continued to insist on the importance of administering the Holy Communion in both kinds, and defeated several armies sent against them. In 1436 a pact was signed, by which the Church in Bohemia was authorized to administer Chalice as well as Host to all communicants. The followers of John Huss and his fellow martyr Jerome of Prague became known as the Czech Brethren and later as the Moravians. The Moravian Church survives to this day, and has had a considerable influence on the Lutheran movement. When Luther suddenly became famous after the publication of his 95 Theses, cartoons and graffiti began to appear implying that Luther was the spiritual heir of John Huss. When Luther encountered the Pope's representative Johannes Eck, in a crucial debate, Eck sidestepped the questions of indulgences and of justification by faith, and instead asked Luther whether the Church had been right to condemn Huss. When Luther, after thinking it over, said that Huss had been unjustly condemned, the whole question of the authority of Popes and Councils was raised.
References:
Matthew Spinka, John Hus and the Czech Reform, (U Chi Pr, 1941; 1966)
Matthew Spinka, John Hus: a Biography, (Princeton Up, 1968)
Matthew Spinka, John Hus At the Council of Constance, (Columbia Up, 1965).
PRAYER (traditional language):
O Almighty God, who didst give to thy servant Jan Huss Boldness to confess the Name of our Savior Jesus Christ before the rulers of this world, and courage to die for this faith: Grant that we may always be ready to give a reason for the hope that is in us, and to suffer gladly for the sake of the same our Lord Jesus Christ; who liveth and reigneth with thee and the Holy Spirit, one God, for ever and ever.
PRAYER (contemporary language):
Almighty God, who gave to your servant Jan Huss
Boldness to confess the Name of our Savior
Jesus Christ before the rulers of this world, and courage to
die for this faith: Grant that we may always be ready to give
a reason for the hope that is in us, and to suffer gladly for
the sake of our Lord Jesus Christ; who lives and reigns with
you and the Holy Spirit, one God, for ever and ever.
Unless otherwise indicated, this biographical sketch was written by James E. Kiefer and any comments about its conten
จอห์น Huss (Jan Hus) เกิดในโบฮีเมีย (ตอนนี้ส่วนหนึ่งของสาธารณรัฐเช็ก) ในประมาณ 1371 เขาได้รับปริญญาจากมหาวิทยาลัยชาร์ลส์ปราก 1396 เป็น อาจารย์ของเทววิทยาใน 1398 ออกบวชให้ปุโรหิตใน 1400 ทำอธิการบดีของมหาวิทยาลัยใน 1402 และใน 1404 รับเป็นปริญญาตรีศาสนศาสตร์ (น่าจะเพิ่มเติมขั้นสูงระดับกว่าคำแนะนำวันนี้)ในวันของเขา มีวิกฤตของโบสถ์ตะวันตก ใน 1305 ภายใต้แรงกดดันจากกษัตริย์ฝรั่งเศส นั่งของพระสันตะปาปาถูกย้ายจากโรมไปอาวิญงในฝรั่งเศส ที่มันยังคงอยู่สำหรับ 70 ปี (ระยะเวลานี้เรียกว่าเชลยที่บาบิโลเนียของโรมัน แนะนำปี 70 ที่วางอ้างว้างเยรูซาเลมหลังจากเมื่อชาวยิวถูก deported ไปบาบิโลน) ใน 1376 สมเด็จพระสันตะปาปาแล้วส่งกลับไปยังกรุงโรม เมื่อเขาตายหลังจาก คุณสามารถลองการ ฝรั่งเศสส่วนใหญ่ ถูกตัดแล้วเลือกตั้งสมเด็จพระสันตะปาปาฝรั่งเศส แต่ชาวโรม objected กลัวว่า สมเด็จพระสันตะการตาเลี่ยนฝรั่งเศสจะโรมันกลับไปฝรั่งเศส คุณสามารถลองการเลือกสมเด็จพระสันตะปาปาอิตาลีดังนั้น และหนีอื่น ๆ ที่พวกเขาเลือกสมเด็จพระสันตะปาปาฝรั่งเศส และกล่าวว่า การเลือกตั้งครั้งแรกได้จากปลายกระบอกปืน และเป็นโมฆะ ดังนั้นจึง มีสอง (สามหลัง) แบบทวิภาคีในสำนักสมเด็จพระสันตะปาปา มีเรียกคณะคอนสแตนซ์เฉ่งเรื่อง หนึ่งผู้อ้างรู้จักคณะ และราชาที่สละราชแล้ว คณะตอบสนอง โดยปิดว่า เขาได้รับสมเด็จพระสันตะปาปาที่แท้จริง มัน deposed อีกสอง แล้วเลือกตัวใหม่สมเด็จพระสันตะปาปา ดังนั้น การรักษาแตกแยกในขณะเดียวกัน Huss ก็เริ่มประณามการละเมิดสิทธิมนุษยชนคริสตจักรต่าง ๆ ในธรรมของเขา ข้อโต้แย้งของเขา มีอำนาจไม่เกี่ยวกับพื้นฐานปัญหาศาสนศาสตร์ แต่เป็นเรื่องของวินัยคริสตจักรและการฝึก แบบกำหนดเองที่ได้เกิดขึ้น ที่เฉลิมฉลองศีลมหาสนิท กระจายขนมปังไร ๆ คริสเตียนทั้งหมดในหลักฐานที่ต้องการได้รับ แต่จำกัดช่วยให้ celebrant คนเดียว Huss ประณามข้อจำกัดนี้เป็นขัด กับพระคัมภีร์ และประเพณีโบราณของคริสตจักร เขายังถือว่า เจ้าหน้าที่ของคริสตจักรควรจะออกกำลังกายวิญญาณเท่านั้น และไม่มีผู้ว่าราชการเอิร์ทลี่ ใน 1412 อาร์ชบิชอปแห่งเขา excommunicated เขาไม่นอกรีต แต่ สำหรับ insubordination (มีปัญหาจริง Huss สนับสนุนผู้อ้างหนึ่งที่สมเด็จพระสันตะปาปาและการอาร์ชบิชอปแห่งอื่น ผู้สมัครของ Huss ถูกสุดประกาศให้ สมเด็จพระสันตะปาปาแท้จริง) เรื่องมาถึงหัวเมื่อหนึ่งผู้อ้าง (ภายหลังประกาศสอาจ) ประกาศขายของเอเคอร์เพิ่มเงินสำหรับการต่อสู้กับคู่แข่งของเขา Huss ตกใจในความคิดของการขายประโยชน์จิตวิญญาณการเงินสงครามระหว่างสองประเทศจะชื่อเรื่อง "ข้าราชการของข้าราชการของพระเจ้า" และกล่าวว่า ดังนั้นIn 1414 he was summoned to the Council of Constance, with the Emperor guaranteeing his personal safety even if found guilty. He was tried, and ordered to recant certain heretical doctrines. He replied that he had never held or taught the doctrines in question, and was willing to declare the doctrines false, but not willing to declare on oath that he had once taught them. The one point on which Huss could be said to have a doctrinal difference with the Council was that he taught that the office of the pope did no exist by Divine command, but was established by the Church that things might be done in an orderly fashion (a view that he shared with Thomas More). The Council, having just narrowly succeeded in uniting Western Christendom under a single pope after years of chaos, was not about to have its work undone. It accordingly found him guilty of heresy, and he was burned at the stake on 6 July 1415.After his death, his followers continued to insist on the importance of administering the Holy Communion in both kinds, and defeated several armies sent against them. In 1436 a pact was signed, by which the Church in Bohemia was authorized to administer Chalice as well as Host to all communicants. The followers of John Huss and his fellow martyr Jerome of Prague became known as the Czech Brethren and later as the Moravians. The Moravian Church survives to this day, and has had a considerable influence on the Lutheran movement. When Luther suddenly became famous after the publication of his 95 Theses, cartoons and graffiti began to appear implying that Luther was the spiritual heir of John Huss. When Luther encountered the Pope's representative Johannes Eck, in a crucial debate, Eck sidestepped the questions of indulgences and of justification by faith, and instead asked Luther whether the Church had been right to condemn Huss. When Luther, after thinking it over, said that Huss had been unjustly condemned, the whole question of the authority of Popes and Councils was raised.References:Matthew Spinka, John Hus and the Czech Reform, (U Chi Pr, 1941; 1966)Matthew Spinka, John Hus: a Biography, (Princeton Up, 1968)Matthew Spinka, John Hus At the Council of Constance, (Columbia Up, 1965).PRAYER (traditional language):O Almighty God, who didst give to thy servant Jan Huss Boldness to confess the Name of our Savior Jesus Christ before the rulers of this world, and courage to die for this faith: Grant that we may always be ready to give a reason for the hope that is in us, and to suffer gladly for the sake of the same our Lord Jesus Christ; who liveth and reigneth with thee and the Holy Spirit, one God, for ever and ever.PRAYER (contemporary language):Almighty God, who gave to your servant Jan HussBoldness to confess the Name of our SaviorJesus Christ before the rulers of this world, and courage todie for this faith: Grant that we may always be ready to givea reason for the hope that is in us, and to suffer gladly forthe sake of our Lord Jesus Christ; who lives and reigns withyou and the Holy Spirit, one God, for ever and ever.Unless otherwise indicated, this biographical sketch was written by James E. Kiefer and any comments about its conten
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