So far we have considered only noiseless channels. If random noise is present,
the situation deteriorates rapidly. And there is always random (thermal) noise
present due to the motion of the molecules in the system. The amount of thermal
noise present is measured by the ratio of the signal power to the noise power, called
the SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio). If we denote the signal power by S and the
noise power by N, the signal-to-noise ratio is S/N. Usually, the ratio is expressed
on a log scale as the quantity 10 log10 S /N because it can vary over a tremendous
range. The units of this log scale are called decibels (dB), with ‘‘deci’’ meaning
10 and ‘‘bel’’ chosen to honor Alexander Graham Bell, who invented the telephone.
An S /N ratio of 10 is 10 dB, a ratio of 100 is 20 dB, a ratio of 1000 is 30
dB, and so on. The manufacturers of stereo amplifiers often characterize the
bandwidth (frequency range) over which their products are linear by giving the 3-
dB frequency on each end. These are the points at which the amplification factor
has been approximately halved (because 10 log100.5∼∼
−3
So far we have considered only noiseless channels. If random noise is present,the situation deteriorates rapidly. And there is always random (thermal) noisepresent due to the motion of the molecules in the system. The amount of thermalnoise present is measured by the ratio of the signal power to the noise power, calledthe SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio). If we denote the signal power by S and thenoise power by N, the signal-to-noise ratio is S/N. Usually, the ratio is expressedon a log scale as the quantity 10 log10 S /N because it can vary over a tremendousrange. The units of this log scale are called decibels (dB), with ‘‘deci’’ meaning10 and ‘‘bel’’ chosen to honor Alexander Graham Bell, who invented the telephone.An S /N ratio of 10 is 10 dB, a ratio of 100 is 20 dB, a ratio of 1000 is 30dB, and so on. The manufacturers of stereo amplifiers often characterize thebandwidth (frequency range) over which their products are linear by giving the 3-dB frequency on each end. These are the points at which the amplification factorhas been approximately halved (because 10 log100.5∼∼−3
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