Since the 1970s, a number of studies have attempted to examine the causal relationship between energy
consumption and economic growth in both developed and developing countries. Empirical findings on the direction
of causality between energy consumption and economic growth are controversial. The empirical evidence of the
previous studies on the issues shows that the causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth
differs from one economy to another and over time. Also, the relationship between energy consumption and
economic growth may be linked to the preference of energy consumption variable.