EEG and Subjective Correlates of Al

EEG and Subjective Correlates of Alpha-Frequency

Binaural-Beat Stimulation Combined with Alpha Biofeedback

by

Dale S. Foster

Memphis State University

May 1990



Acknowledgements

I would like to express my appreciation to Dr. Robert Crawford, Dr. Robert Davis, Dr. Todd Davis, Dr. Burl Gilliland and Dr. Kenneth Lichstein for their advice, encouragement and support throughout the completion of this work. I would also like to thank Dr. Jane Davis at Christian Brother's College for the opportunity to solicit participants from her introductory psychology classes. My appreciation also goes out to Dr. Michael Daley, Ryan Eason and Palitha Jayasinghe in the MSU Electrical Engineering Department for their technical assistance in creating the hardware and software necessary for the A/D conversions of the EEG data.

I also express my thanks to Libby Keenan, Coordinator of MSU's Computer Services Training Center, for her help with the software used to transform the raw data. I would also like to thank George Relyea, Manager of MSU's Statistical Services, for his assistance with the SPSSX statistical analysis.



Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of alpha-frequency binaural-beat stimulation combined with alpha biofeedback on alpha-frequency brain-wave production and subjective experience of mental and physical relaxation. The study compared the alpha brain- wave production and subjective report of mental and physical relaxation of four groups, each of which received brief relaxation response training and one of four treatments: 1) alpha-frequency binaural-beat stimulation, 2) visual alpha- frequency brain-wave biofeedback, 3) alpha- frequency binaural-beat stimulation combined with visual alpha biofeedback, or 4) artificially produced ocean surf sounds. Sixty volunteer undergraduate and graduate students were randomly assigned to the four groups and instructed to utilize their respective treatment as the "mental device" in Benson's relaxation response paradigm while they relaxed with eyes open for twenty minutes. Two 2 X 4 mixed ANOVAs revealed that all groups evidenced increased subjective report of relaxation and increased alpha production. An interaction effect was found in which the group with both alpha binaural beats and alpha biofeedback produced more treatment alpha than the group with alpha biofeedback alone. Additionally, nine of the fifteen subjects with both binaural beats and feedback reported being able to control alpha production via their focus on the alpha binaural beats. The data suggest the possibility that binaural beats can be used to evoke specific cortical potentials through a frequency-following response. Further investigation is warranted into the possibilities of using binaural beats alone and in conjunction with brain wave biofeedback to promote the self- regulation and management of consciousness.



Introduction

In recent years, the self-regulation of physiological processes has received an increasing amount of attention from the behavioral science community due to a number of factors, the most important of which is the increasing sophistication of techniques for measuring and feeding back meaningful information concerning these processes. Technological advances in the areas of electronics and computers have promoted the application of cybernetic principles to such biological events as heart rate, blood pressure, skin temperature, electrodermal responses, and spontaneous and evoked cortical potentials (Yates, 1980). The ability to empirically quantify these biological events and their operant control has also sparked renewed interest from behavioral scientists in the objective study of the self- regulation of consciousness (Schwartz & Shapiro, 1976). In fact, although at one time conscious and/or volitional processes were considered to be outside the proper domain of psychological investigation, the study of consciousness is now viewed as a central issue in cognitive psychology (Davidson, Schwartz & Shapiro, 1983). The empirical investigation of the operant control of spontaneous and evoked cortical potentials began with the invention of the electroencephalograph (EEG) by Richard Caton around 1875 (Empson, 1986). Since that time advances made in EEG technology have enabled feedback of specific cortical potentials in forms which have allowed individuals to achieve control over certain specific cortical potentials under certain conditions (Rockstroh, Birbaumer, Elbert, & Lutzenberber, 1984). EEG technology has promoted the conditioned self-regulation of electrical brain rhythms through biofeedback procedures and thus has enhanced operants' abilities to self-regulate the behaviors and states of consciousness with which those rhythms are associated.

The empirical investigation of the sensory stimulation of cortical potentials also dates from Caton's invention of the EEG. Various forms of rhythmic stimulation such as flashing lights or pulsing sound have been found to entrain the electrical activity of the brain through the frequency-following response (FFR). Another form of auditory stimulation which may invoke a FFR, although much more subtle than bursts of sound, is binaural beats.

The present study is viewed within the context of the empirical investigation of the self-regulation and management of consciousness. More specifically, the aspects of consciousness which are focused upon are those which relate to the self-regulation and management of alpha-frequency brain waves, a primary correlate of certain aspects of consciousness. A distinction is made between self-regulation and management of consciousness for two reasons. First, much of consciousness appears to be outside the realm of direct self- regulation. For example, regardless of the level of motivation for maintaining a waking state of consciousness, humans find themselves losing consciousness, or falling asleep, almost daily. Second, information concerning past and present events related to consciousness is useful for planning or managing present or future events related to consciousness. For example, if I am aware that I tend to move from a waking state into a sleeping state after being awake for a certain number of hours, then I may use this information to plan to be in or near a bed when that event occurs. Thus those aspects of consciousness which are outside of my direct control are managed rather than regulated

In relation to this study, two techniques are considered, alpha brain-wave biofeedback and alpha-frequency binaural-beat stimulation. Alpha brain-wave biofeedback is considered a consciousness self-regulation technique while alpha-frequency binaural-beat stimulation is considered a consciousness management technique. The distinction adopted here between self- regulation and management, however, is seen as a conceptual convention for the promotion of clarity. Both techniques could be considered to contain components of both self-regulation and management of consciousness.



Brain wave biofeedback has already been demonstrated to be an effective technique for the self-regulation of consciousness (Brown, 1970; Green & Green, 1979; Kamiya, 1969). Through the presentation of auditory or visual stimuli which convey useful information concerning the amount of alpha or theta brain-wave production, subjects are able to voluntarily increase or decrease the production of those brain waves. Through the self- regulation of a specific cortical rhythm, one begins to control those aspects of consciousness associated with that rhythm. For example, if I am aware that alpha-frequency brain waves are associated with mental relaxation, I may learn to self-regulate my level of mental relaxation by learning to self-regulate my alpha-frequency brain waves. Brain wave biofeedback techniques are presently being used successfully in the operant conditioning of specific frequency bands as well as single neurons (Rockstroh, Birbaumer, Elbert, & Lutzenberger, 1984).

Although the existence of the phenomenon of binaural beats is well documented (Oster, 1973), the application of binaural-beat stimulation as a consciousness management technique has as yet received little attention except among a small population of researchers (Atwater, 1988; Hutchison, 1986; Monroe, 1982). However the principle of using sensory stimuli to entrain specific cortical rhythms through the frequency- following response is well documented (Gerken, Moushegian, Stillman, & Rupert, 1975; Neher, 1961; Sohmer, Pratt, & Kinarti, 1977; Stillman, Crow, & Moushegian, 1978; Yaguchi, & Iwahara, 1976).

Binaural beats are auditory brainstem responses which originate in the superior olivary nucleus of each hemisphere. They result from the interaction of two different auditory impulses, originating in opposite ears, below 1000 Hz and which differ in frequency between one and 30 Hz (Oster, 1973). For example, if a pure tone of 400 Hz is presented to the right ear and a pure tone of 410 Hz is presented simultaneously to the left ear, an amplitude modulated standing wave of 10 Hz, the difference between the two tones, is experienced as the two wave forms mesh in and out of phase within the superior olivary nuclei. This binaural beat is not heard in the ordinary sense of the word (the human range of hearing is from 20-20,000 Hz). It is perceived as an auditory beat and theoretically can be used to entrain specific neural rhythms through the frequency-following response (FFR)--the tendency for cortical potentials to entrain to or resonate at the frequency of an external stimulus. Thus, it is theoretically possible to utilize a specific binaural-beat frequency as a consciousness management technique to entrain a specific cortical rhythm.

The entrainment of the alpha rhythm is perceived as a justifiable starting point in this investigation. The alpha rhythm was discovered by Hans Berger around 1924 and h

ผลลัพธ์ (ไทย) 1:

EEG และสัมพันธ์กับตามอัตวิสัยของความถี่อัลฟ่า Binaural เต้นกระตุ้นร่วมกับอัลฟา BiofeedbackโดยDale S. ฟอสเตอร์มหาวิทยาลัย Memphis1990 พฤษภาคม ถาม-ตอบอยากจะแสดงของฉันขอบคุณดร.โรเบิร์ตครอฟอร์ด ดร.โรเบิร์ต Davis ดร.ทอดด์ Davis ดร. Burl Gilliland และ Dr. Kenneth Lichstein ของคำแนะนำ ให้กำลังใจ และสนับสนุนตลอดงานนี้เสร็จสมบูรณ์ ยังอยากจะขอขอบคุณดร.เจน Davis ที่วิทยาลัยคริสเตียนบราสำหรับโอกาสที่จะชวนผู้เรียนจากเรียนจิตวิทยาภาษา ขอบคุณของฉันยังไปหาดร. Michael Daley, eason มี Ryan และ Palitha Jayasinghe ในแผนกวิศวกรรมไฟฟ้า MSU สำหรับความช่วยเหลือทางเทคนิคในการสร้างฮาร์ดแวร์และซอฟต์แวร์ที่จำเป็นสำหรับการแปลง A/D ข้อมูล EEGฉันยังแสดงความขอบคุณการรับ Keenan ผู้ประสานงานของ MSU ของคอมพิวเตอร์บริการศูนย์ฝึกอบรม ความช่วยเหลือของซอฟต์แวร์ที่ใช้ในการแปลงข้อมูลดิบ ยังอยากจะขอขอบคุณจอร์ Relyea ผู้จัดการของ MSU ของสถิติบริการ ขอความช่วยเหลือของเขากับการวิเคราะห์ทางสถิติ SPSSX บทคัดย่อThe purpose of this study was to determine the effects of alpha-frequency binaural-beat stimulation combined with alpha biofeedback on alpha-frequency brain-wave production and subjective experience of mental and physical relaxation. The study compared the alpha brain- wave production and subjective report of mental and physical relaxation of four groups, each of which received brief relaxation response training and one of four treatments: 1) alpha-frequency binaural-beat stimulation, 2) visual alpha- frequency brain-wave biofeedback, 3) alpha- frequency binaural-beat stimulation combined with visual alpha biofeedback, or 4) artificially produced ocean surf sounds. Sixty volunteer undergraduate and graduate students were randomly assigned to the four groups and instructed to utilize their respective treatment as the "mental device" in Benson's relaxation response paradigm while they relaxed with eyes open for twenty minutes. Two 2 X 4 mixed ANOVAs revealed that all groups evidenced increased subjective report of relaxation and increased alpha production. An interaction effect was found in which the group with both alpha binaural beats and alpha biofeedback produced more treatment alpha than the group with alpha biofeedback alone. Additionally, nine of the fifteen subjects with both binaural beats and feedback reported being able to control alpha production via their focus on the alpha binaural beats. The data suggest the possibility that binaural beats can be used to evoke specific cortical potentials through a frequency-following response. Further investigation is warranted into the possibilities of using binaural beats alone and in conjunction with brain wave biofeedback to promote the self- regulation and management of consciousness. IntroductionIn recent years, the self-regulation of physiological processes has received an increasing amount of attention from the behavioral science community due to a number of factors, the most important of which is the increasing sophistication of techniques for measuring and feeding back meaningful information concerning these processes. Technological advances in the areas of electronics and computers have promoted the application of cybernetic principles to such biological events as heart rate, blood pressure, skin temperature, electrodermal responses, and spontaneous and evoked cortical potentials (Yates, 1980). The ability to empirically quantify these biological events and their operant control has also sparked renewed interest from behavioral scientists in the objective study of the self- regulation of consciousness (Schwartz & Shapiro, 1976). In fact, although at one time conscious and/or volitional processes were considered to be outside the proper domain of psychological investigation, the study of consciousness is now viewed as a central issue in cognitive psychology (Davidson, Schwartz & Shapiro, 1983). The empirical investigation of the operant control of spontaneous and evoked cortical potentials began with the invention of the electroencephalograph (EEG) by Richard Caton around 1875 (Empson, 1986). Since that time advances made in EEG technology have enabled feedback of specific cortical potentials in forms which have allowed individuals to achieve control over certain specific cortical potentials under certain conditions (Rockstroh, Birbaumer, Elbert, & Lutzenberber, 1984). EEG technology has promoted the conditioned self-regulation of electrical brain rhythms through biofeedback procedures and thus has enhanced operants' abilities to self-regulate the behaviors and states of consciousness with which those rhythms are associated.The empirical investigation of the sensory stimulation of cortical potentials also dates from Caton's invention of the EEG. Various forms of rhythmic stimulation such as flashing lights or pulsing sound have been found to entrain the electrical activity of the brain through the frequency-following response (FFR). Another form of auditory stimulation which may invoke a FFR, although much more subtle than bursts of sound, is binaural beats. The present study is viewed within the context of the empirical investigation of the self-regulation and management of consciousness. More specifically, the aspects of consciousness which are focused upon are those which relate to the self-regulation and management of alpha-frequency brain waves, a primary correlate of certain aspects of consciousness. A distinction is made between self-regulation and management of consciousness for two reasons. First, much of consciousness appears to be outside the realm of direct self- regulation. For example, regardless of the level of motivation for maintaining a waking state of consciousness, humans find themselves losing consciousness, or falling asleep, almost daily. Second, information concerning past and present events related to consciousness is useful for planning or managing present or future events related to consciousness. For example, if I am aware that I tend to move from a waking state into a sleeping state after being awake for a certain number of hours, then I may use this information to plan to be in or near a bed when that event occurs. Thus those aspects of consciousness which are outside of my direct control are managed rather than regulatedIn relation to this study, two techniques are considered, alpha brain-wave biofeedback and alpha-frequency binaural-beat stimulation. Alpha brain-wave biofeedback is considered a consciousness self-regulation technique while alpha-frequency binaural-beat stimulation is considered a consciousness management technique. The distinction adopted here between self- regulation and management, however, is seen as a conceptual convention for the promotion of clarity. Both techniques could be considered to contain components of both self-regulation and management of consciousness.


Brain wave biofeedback has already been demonstrated to be an effective technique for the self-regulation of consciousness (Brown, 1970; Green & Green, 1979; Kamiya, 1969). Through the presentation of auditory or visual stimuli which convey useful information concerning the amount of alpha or theta brain-wave production, subjects are able to voluntarily increase or decrease the production of those brain waves. Through the self- regulation of a specific cortical rhythm, one begins to control those aspects of consciousness associated with that rhythm. For example, if I am aware that alpha-frequency brain waves are associated with mental relaxation, I may learn to self-regulate my level of mental relaxation by learning to self-regulate my alpha-frequency brain waves. Brain wave biofeedback techniques are presently being used successfully in the operant conditioning of specific frequency bands as well as single neurons (Rockstroh, Birbaumer, Elbert, & Lutzenberger, 1984).

Although the existence of the phenomenon of binaural beats is well documented (Oster, 1973), the application of binaural-beat stimulation as a consciousness management technique has as yet received little attention except among a small population of researchers (Atwater, 1988; Hutchison, 1986; Monroe, 1982). However the principle of using sensory stimuli to entrain specific cortical rhythms through the frequency- following response is well documented (Gerken, Moushegian, Stillman, & Rupert, 1975; Neher, 1961; Sohmer, Pratt, & Kinarti, 1977; Stillman, Crow, & Moushegian, 1978; Yaguchi, & Iwahara, 1976).

Binaural beats are auditory brainstem responses which originate in the superior olivary nucleus of each hemisphere. They result from the interaction of two different auditory impulses, originating in opposite ears, below 1000 Hz and which differ in frequency between one and 30 Hz (Oster, 1973). For example, if a pure tone of 400 Hz is presented to the right ear and a pure tone of 410 Hz is presented simultaneously to the left ear, an amplitude modulated standing wave of 10 Hz, the difference between the two tones, is experienced as the two wave forms mesh in and out of phase within the superior olivary nuclei. This binaural beat is not heard in the ordinary sense of the word (the human range of hearing is from 20-20,000 Hz). It is perceived as an auditory beat and theoretically can be used to entrain specific neural rhythms through the frequency-following response (FFR)--the tendency for cortical potentials to entrain to or resonate at the frequency of an external stimulus. Thus, it is theoretically possible to utilize a specific binaural-beat frequency as a consciousness management technique to entrain a specific cortical rhythm.

The entrainment of the alpha rhythm is perceived as a justifiable starting point in this investigation. The alpha rhythm was discovered by Hans Berger around 1924 and h

ผลลัพธ์ (ไทย) 3:

และความสัมพันธ์ของอัลฟาความถี่คลื่นสมองส่วนตัว

ตี binaural กระตุ้นรวมกับอัลฟ่า biofeedback โดย





เดลเอสอุปถัมภ์มหาวิทยาลัยเมมฟิสพฤษภาคม 1990





ขอบคุณ

ผมขอแสดงความชื่นชมของฉัน ดร. โรเบิร์ตครอว์ฟอร์ด ดร. โรเบิร์ต เดวิส ดร. ท็อดเดวิส , ดร. Burl กิลีแลนด์และ ดร. เคนเนธ lichstein สำหรับคำแนะนำของพวกเขา