Visual analogue scales (VAS) were used to evaluate hunger, satiation, quantity of food that could be eaten, and desire to eat scores. Each VAS was 100 mm in length and anchored at each end. Participants were instructed to place a mark on the 100 mm line to indicate their levels of hunger, satiety, food quantity, and desire to eat. For hunger, a mark at 0 mm indicated no hunger, while a mark at 100 mm indicated extreme hunger. For satiety, a mark at 0 mm indicated no feeling of fullness, while a mark at 100 mm indicated an extreme feeling of fullness. For quantity of food that could be eaten, a mark at 0 mm indicated no food could be eaten, and a mark at 100 mm indicated a large quantity of food could be eaten. For desire to eat, a mark at 0 mm indicated no desire to eat, and a mark at 100 mm indicated extreme desire to eat. For each of the four measures (hunger, satiety, quantity of food eaten, and desire to eat), the degree to which each sensation was felt was quantified by measuring how far the mark was from the 0 mm point. For this measurement, a standard millimeter ruler was used and all scores were computed by the same investigator. VAS scales were completed during each of the four test meal conditions at baseline (RMR) and every hour during the TEM meal challenge (60, 120, and 180 min)