We do not have information on some crucial factors that may predict teen pregnancy outcomes as well as subsequent health, such as experiences with sexual abuse and rape. Such factors have been found to be associated with women having abortions and also suffering from anxiety/depression and may help explain why mental health outcomes were more negative for the teen-pregnancyonly group compared to teen-mothers in our sample [26, 27]. We also lack information on health insurance status and access to pre-natal care among the teens in our sample. Finally, as acknowledged previously, there is good reason to believe that the teen-mothers and our two comparison groups are not identical in terms of their unmeasured characteristics. Therefore, there may remain other unmeasured confounders, hence even for physical health outcomes we must use caution before interpreting our results as being ‘causal’