Large financial sums have been attached to tackling global sanitation and wastewater management needs. Although household sanitation costs are of a lower order and can be spread in various ways, public infrastructure for sewage collection, wastewater treatment and re-use can be very costly. It should be recalled that in GWP’s original Framework for Action an estimated $70 billion (out of a total of $180 billion) of annual investment required in the water sec- tor before 2025 was accounted for by municipal wastewater treatment, and a further $30 billion by the treatment of industrial effluent. Thus $100 billion out of the total of $180 billion of annual investment requirements are down to the account of wastewater. In comparison, the estimate of investment needed for meeting the sanitation MDG is a more modest $17 billion per annum.