consists of a 4-liter volume batch reactor equipped with a programmable temperature controller (up to 1200oC), a cooling system to collect bio-oil, and a source of nitrogen to modify the pyrolysis atmosphere. The batch reactor was filled with feedstock, covered with a fitting lid, and pyrolyzed under oxygen-limiting conditions. Vapors generated during the
process were condensed to collect bio-oil. After pyrolysis, biochar in the reactor was allowed to cool overnight to room temperature. The weights of the bio-oil and biochar collected were measured to obtain pyrolysis yields. The yield of each bio-product was 4 defined as the ratio of the weight of the product to that of the original feedstock. Syngas yield was obtained through mass balance. The produced biochars were sealed in an airtight container and stored at room temperature until use.