On this basis, this dissertation develops a 'causal method' for exploring any specific moral virtue. For Thomas, the four causes of a moral virtue are its mode (formal cause), matter and subject (material cause), proper end (final cause) and agent (efficient cause). Less technically, they can be expressed in terms of five guiding questions to be used in understanding any given virtue: What is the practical wisdom actualized by that virtue? What is the sphere of life with which the virtue is concerned? What aspect of the human heart and mind does the virtue modify? What is the virtue for? What causes the virtue to exist and increase? To answer to these five questions is to give an account of a moral virtue.
This dissertation develops and applies this causal method, both as a means of interpreting Thomas' account of temperance, and as a tool for constructing a theory of temperance for today. Temperance, I claim, is a disposition that develops through both discipline and grace; it can be defined as the modulation of attraction for the sake of right relationship . For Thomas, this virtue takes on different forms when applied to different spheres of life, such as food, drink, sex, but also the desire for knowledge, the regulation of material possessions, or even play. Today, temperance is especially required in the use of energy resources, the consumption of products, and the use of contemporary media. Temperance does not repress desire, but forms and redirects it, placing it at the service of right relationship to oneself, others, the earth and God. It does limit and restrain desire, but always for the sake of deeper and more meaningful goods. Temperance therefore modulates harmoniously between the restraint and the redirection of desire, the fast and the feast.
Temperance is often misunderstood as proposing a purely negative ideal of repression and constraint. The dissertation claims that, on the contrary, temperance is a positive and attractive virtue, and one that is urgently needed in our consumer society.
ในนี้ วิทยานิพนธ์นี้พัฒนา 'สาเหตุวิธีการ' ในการสำรวจคุณธรรมจริยธรรมเฉพาะใด ๆ สำหรับ Thomas สาเหตุ 4 คุณธรรมจริยธรรมจะเป็นโหมด (สาเหตุอย่างเป็นทางการ), เรื่อง และเรื่อง (วัสดุสาเหตุ), สิ้นสุดที่เหมาะสม (สุดท้ายสาเหตุ) และตัวแทน (สาเหตุมีประสิทธิภาพ) น้อยเทคนิค พวกเขาสามารถแสดงในห้าคำถามแนวทางที่จะใช้ในการทำความเข้าใจเกี่ยวกับคุณธรรมที่กำหนดใด ๆ: ภูมิปัญญาปฏิบัติ actualized ด้วยคุณธรรมนั้นคืออะไร ของชีวิตที่เกี่ยวข้องกับความประเสริฐคืออะไร คุณธรรมการแก้ไขด้านใดของหัวใจมนุษย์และจิตใจ คุณธรรมสำหรับคืออะไร สิ่งที่ทำให้คุณธรรมมีอยู่ และเพิ่ม การตอบคำถามเหล่านี้ห้ามีให้องค์กรคุณธรรมจริยธรรม This dissertation develops and applies this causal method, both as a means of interpreting Thomas' account of temperance, and as a tool for constructing a theory of temperance for today. Temperance, I claim, is a disposition that develops through both discipline and grace; it can be defined as the modulation of attraction for the sake of right relationship . For Thomas, this virtue takes on different forms when applied to different spheres of life, such as food, drink, sex, but also the desire for knowledge, the regulation of material possessions, or even play. Today, temperance is especially required in the use of energy resources, the consumption of products, and the use of contemporary media. Temperance does not repress desire, but forms and redirects it, placing it at the service of right relationship to oneself, others, the earth and God. It does limit and restrain desire, but always for the sake of deeper and more meaningful goods. Temperance therefore modulates harmoniously between the restraint and the redirection of desire, the fast and the feast. Temperance is often misunderstood as proposing a purely negative ideal of repression and constraint. The dissertation claims that, on the contrary, temperance is a positive and attractive virtue, and one that is urgently needed in our consumer society.
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