Exclusion criteria: studies using therapies with
additional modality-specific features that distinguished
them from psychoeducation, as identified
by Miklowitz et al. (11); these were CBT (focusing
on cognitive restructuring and self-rated mood
charts), IPSRT (focusing on regulation of sleep/
wake cycles and daily routine), and family treatments
(focusing on family communication and
skills training) (see Supplementary Fig. 1). For the
same reason, we excluded collaborative care studies
in which psychoeducation was a part of a multifaceted
intervention involving changes to service
delivery interventions. We also excluded studies in
which psychoeducation was used as an acute treatment
or included patients in an acute phase of illness,
if the primary diagnosis was not bipolar
disorder, or if the target was patients with bipolar
disorder with a comorbid diagnosis such as personality
disorder or substance misuse.