The ligno-cellulosic biomass to bioethanol process consists of raw material pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation
and distillation. Among physical and chemical pretreatments, necessary to remove the barriers and make cellulose
more accessible to hydrolytic enzymes for conversion to glucose [9], steam explosion is the most commonly used for
biomass deconstruction [10]; the physical process causes also solubilization of hemicellulosic fraction and
extractives, while water insoluble substrate (WIS) is usually washed before enzymatic hydrolysis [11]. Enzymatic
hydrolysis has low costs compared to acid or alkaline hydrolysis, no corrosion problem and good efficiency that can
be improved using a mixture of several enzymes, in particular endoglucanase, exoglucanase and ȕ-glucosidase.
Yeasts convert sugars into ethanol, obtaining a beer (mixture of ethanol, cell mass and water); finally bioethanol is
concentrated by distillation and dehydration to meet fuel specifications [12,13].
The ligno-cellulosic biomass to bioethanol process consists of raw material pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation
and distillation. Among physical and chemical pretreatments, necessary to remove the barriers and make cellulose
more accessible to hydrolytic enzymes for conversion to glucose [9], steam explosion is the most commonly used for
biomass deconstruction [10]; the physical process causes also solubilization of hemicellulosic fraction and
extractives, while water insoluble substrate (WIS) is usually washed before enzymatic hydrolysis [11]. Enzymatic
hydrolysis has low costs compared to acid or alkaline hydrolysis, no corrosion problem and good efficiency that can
be improved using a mixture of several enzymes, in particular endoglucanase, exoglucanase and ȕ-glucosidase.
Yeasts convert sugars into ethanol, obtaining a beer (mixture of ethanol, cell mass and water); finally bioethanol is
concentrated by distillation and dehydration to meet fuel specifications [12,13].
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