(Fielding, 2001), as well as general information on each child’s pain care, such as the time and dose of pain medications administered and documented pain scores. The field notes included descriptions of what occurred during the period of observation and records of comments made by nurses, parents, chil- dren, and other healthcare professionals in relation to pain care as well as the information collectedfrom children’s nursing and medical charts. A similar approach was used in another study (Twycross, 2004)