In a given region, if the PV manufacturing industry does not voluntarily adopt manufacturing responsibility as was done with PV Cycle, the government must assume its environmental responsibility and regulate the PV manufacturing industry to ensure recycling and avoid hazardous materials from entering local landfills. This will create a competitive advantage for companies that either work hard to avoid toxic materials (which entail a larger cost for recy- cling) or have already instituted recycling programs. Thus the environmentally most responsible companies are rewarded for their investments. Currently, the regulations to pose most likely impacts on PV industry and end-of-life module recycling are the WEEE-type and RoHS-type policies directive [88]. The WEEE-type policies may pose a risk to CdTe PV applications by increasing the cost of such applications as a result of enforced manufacturer stewardship of electronic waste. The RoHS-type policies may pose a higher risk to CdTe PV applications by prohibiting the sale of electronics containing cadmium.