When it comes to mobile, we're all still learning! If you're just starting out with a new mobile site, converting an old site to mobile, or exploring neat things like responsive design, there are some great best-practice guides to start you off. Instead of hogging them on my hard disk, I thought I'd publish my growing list here...
General guidelines
Google's developer guide to smartphone sites - this is the most important document and the best place to start:
https://developers.google.com/webmasters/smartphone-sites/
For sites with separate mobile and desktop URLs, this section is especially important:
https://developers.google.com/webmasters/smartphone-sites/details#separateurls
These are common mistakes Google has seen in mobile sites:
https://developers.google.com/webmasters/smartphone-sites/common-mistakes
Changing in rankings of smartphone search results:
http://googlewebmastercentral.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/changes-in-rankings-of-smartphone_11.html
25 key principles of mobile site design:
http://www.google.com/think/multiscreen/whitepaper-sitedesign.html
Responsive sites
Where to start with responsive design:
http://googlewebmastercentral.blogspot.co.uk/2012/04/responsive-design-harnessing-power-of.html
Switching over from a separate mobile site to a responsive site (or vice-versa):
https://developers.google.com/webmasters/smartphone-sites/change-configuration
Crawling and indexing
Crawling mobile sites:
http://googlewebmastercentral.blogspot.co.uk/2014/01/a-new-googlebot-user-agent-for-crawling.html
Videos by Matt Cutts covering mobile issues
Is there a way to tell Google about a mobile version of a page?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HVQHbfpqXHM
Is there an SEO disadvantage to using responsive design...?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D03wRb4s7MU
Is page speed a more important factor for mobile sites?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-I4rWnQxxkM
Does indexing a mobile website create a duplicate content issues? (Also covers cloaking)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mY9h3G8Lv4k
Should we create a mobile version of our site? (old video from 2010)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pJ_UP_1JERc
Should I use the Vary HTTP header...?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=va6qtaiZRHg
Analyzing and improving mobile sites
Google's Maile Ohye has made some great videos about analyzing and improving mobile sites using data in Webmaster Tools and Google Analytics. They're summarized and linked from this blog post:
Checklist and videos for mobile website improvement
http://googlewebmastercentral.blogspot.co.uk/2013/12/checklist-and-videos-for-mobile-website.html
Analyzing search queries for mobile sites:
http://googlewebmastercentral.blogspot.co.uk/2014/01/improved-search-queries-stats.html
Speed and user experience
Making smartphone sites load fast
http://googlewebmastercentral.blogspot.co.uk/2013/08/making-smartphone-sites-load-fast.html
That post introduces PageSpeed Insights, which will give you a report on the speed and user experience of your mobile and desktop sites:
https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights/
Quick fixes in mobile website performance (a video by Maile)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gy_m44X3I84
Avoiding faulty redirects in sites with separate desktop and mobile URLs:
http://googlewebmastercentral.blogspot.co.uk/2014/06/faulty-redirects.html
Tablets
Giving Tablet Users the Full-Sized Web - Pierre Far explains why tablets are often best served with desktop sites:
http://googlewebmastercentral.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/giving-tablet-users-full-sized-web.html
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