People use all the resources available in the local ecology, such as objects, gestures, and the body, for meaning making. Block (2014, p. 56) has critiqued the “lingual bias” in language acquisition models that focus solely on grammatical competence, excluding the role of the body and other ecological resources. It is such develoments that have unleashed a search for more complex ways of defining language competence and pedagogy—as indicated in Kramsch’s epigraph.