At low heating rate, the formation of char is more dominant than bio-oil and gases
due to the slow release of the volatile compounds from the solid matrices, secondary cracking of trapped volatile matters occurred within the solid matrices, therefore it enhanced the formation of char.
In contrast, at high heating rates, the release or evaporation of volatile matters occurred faster and most of the volatile compounds were converted into bio-oil and gas.
At high heating rate, the occurrence of secondary cracking can be minimized.