Background
Diarrhoea is one of leading causes of morbidity and mortality across all age groups and regions of the world, particularly in the less developed communities and children below the age of five. Globally, diarrhoea episodes in children under the age of five, are estimated at about 1.7 billion of which 36 million were severe cases [1], [2]. Among which there were an estimated 700 000 deaths annually, which is lower than in 2005 where estimates range between 1.6 million and 2.6 million [1], [3], [4]. Furthermore, diarrhoea poses a substantial burden accounting for approximately 2.8 billion diarrhoea episodes among older children, adolescents, and adults [2], even in the developed communities [5]–[7]. Infection can be spread through contaminated food, drinking water as well as from person-to-person contact due to poor hygiene [1]. However, the main cause of diarrhoea in a developed community is usually due to either foodborne or person to person transmission [8]–[12]. Diarrhoea can be significantly reduced through improvements in drinking water, sanitation facilities, hygiene knowledge and practices [11], [13], [14]. In addition, well-structured campaigns to improve hygiene knowledge and practices have been shown to be effective in the prevention of diarrhoea disease transmission in clinical settings [15] as well as in the less developed communities [16], [17].
Even though there were much accessibility and availability of well-established infrastructures such as proper sanitation and clean water facilities with soap, and the regular health campaigns/promotions on good hygiene practises in the developed residential communities, there has been gradual increase of acute diarrhoea illnesses and food poisoning notifications over the past years, resulting in significant public health burden [5]–[12], [18]. As an example, there were a total of 124,292 acute diarrhoea illnesses reported in the Singapore community in 2011, which is an increase of 10.3 % compared to 2010 [19]. Children under the age of five are most affected, which accounted for 47.4 % and 28.1 % of cases infected by C. enteritis and S. enteritidis, respectively in 2011 [19]. As such, it is critical to understand the current knowledge, attitude and behaviour of good hygiene and its impact on the increased diarrhoea illness in a residential community of a developed country. In addition, most of the current understanding of the knowledge, attitude and behaviour on hygiene was significantly focused on less developed communities [20]–[24], and very limited in the well-developed communities [11], [25]. Therefore, we aim to determine the current knowledge, attitude and behaviour of good hygiene as well as risk factors of diarrhoea disease in a developed community in Singapore, where clean water and soap are easily available and affordable. The study findings will also help to better inform and guide surveillance and prevention policies and strategies to reduce the public burden of diarrhoea diseases.
พื้นหลังท้องเสียเป็นหนึ่งสาเหตุของการตายและ morbidity ทุกกลุ่มอายุและภูมิภาคของโลก โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งในชุมชนพัฒนาน้อยและเด็กต่ำกว่าอายุ 5 ตอนท้องเสียในเด็กอายุ 5 ทั่วโลก มีประมาณที่ประมาณ 1.7 พันล้านล้านที่ 36 ได้รุนแรง [1], [2] ระหว่างที่ มีการตาย 700 000 ประเมินเป็นรายปี ซึ่งจะต่ำกว่าใน 2005 ประเมินช่วงระหว่าง 1.6 ล้าน และ 2.6 ล้าน [1], [3], [4] นอกจากนี้ ท้องเสียทำบัญชีพบภาระสำหรับประมาณ 2.8 พันล้านท้องเสียตอนเด็ก วัยรุ่น และผู้ใหญ่ [2], แม้แต่ในชุมชนพัฒนาแล้ว [5] - [7] เชื้อสามารถเข้าปนเปื้อน อาหาร น้ำดื่มรวม ถึง จากการติดต่อแบบตัวต่อตัวเนื่องจากสุขอนามัยไม่ดี [1] อย่างไรก็ตาม ของท้องเสียในชุมชนพัฒนามีมักเนื่องจาก foodborne หรือส่งคน [8] – [12] ท้องเสียสามารถมากลดลงผ่านปรับปรุงน้ำดื่ม สุขาภิบาลสิ่งอำนวยความสะดวก ความรู้อนามัย และปฏิบัติ [11], [13], [14] เสริมโครงสร้างห้องพักปรับปรุงสุขอนามัยความรู้และปฏิบัติได้ถูกแสดงให้มีประสิทธิภาพในการป้องกันการส่งผ่านโรคท้องเสียในทางคลินิกการตั้งค่า [15] เช่นในน้อยพัฒนาชุมชน [16], [17]Even though there were much accessibility and availability of well-established infrastructures such as proper sanitation and clean water facilities with soap, and the regular health campaigns/promotions on good hygiene practises in the developed residential communities, there has been gradual increase of acute diarrhoea illnesses and food poisoning notifications over the past years, resulting in significant public health burden [5]–[12], [18]. As an example, there were a total of 124,292 acute diarrhoea illnesses reported in the Singapore community in 2011, which is an increase of 10.3 % compared to 2010 [19]. Children under the age of five are most affected, which accounted for 47.4 % and 28.1 % of cases infected by C. enteritis and S. enteritidis, respectively in 2011 [19]. As such, it is critical to understand the current knowledge, attitude and behaviour of good hygiene and its impact on the increased diarrhoea illness in a residential community of a developed country. In addition, most of the current understanding of the knowledge, attitude and behaviour on hygiene was significantly focused on less developed communities [20]–[24], and very limited in the well-developed communities [11], [25]. Therefore, we aim to determine the current knowledge, attitude and behaviour of good hygiene as well as risk factors of diarrhoea disease in a developed community in Singapore, where clean water and soap are easily available and affordable. The study findings will also help to better inform and guide surveillance and prevention policies and strategies to reduce the public burden of diarrhoea diseases.
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