Demand elasticities measure the change in the quantity demanded of a particular good or service as a result of changes to other economic variables, such as its own price, the price of competing or complementary goods and services , income levels, taxes, etc. This report estimates the demand elasticity of air travel under various scenarios and locations. It highlights three main types of demand elasticity: own price elasticity, cross price elasticity and income elasticity
i) Price Elasticity of Demand
Price elasticity is a measure used to capture the sensitivity of consumer demand for a good or service in response to changes in the price of that particular good or service. The price elasticity is defined as :
The quantity demanded generally decreases when the price increases, so this ratio is usually expected to be negative. For example, if a 10% increase in the price of good A results in a 6% fall in the quantity demanded of that good, its own price elasticity is -0.6, By contrast, if a 10% fall in the price of good B leads to a 12% increase in the quantity demanded of good B, its own price elasticity is -1.2.
Goods with elasticities greater than one in absolute value are referred to as having elastic or price sensitive demand. In other words, the proportional change in quantity demanded will be grater than the proportional change in price. A price increase will result in a revenue decrease to the producer since the renevue lost from the resulting decrease in quantity sold is more than the revenue gained from the price increase.
ii) Cross Price Elasticity of Demand
The cross price elasticity measures the interaction in demand between different goods or services. it measures the sensitivity of demand for a particular good to changes in the price of another good:
When the cross price elasticity is positive, the two goods are substitutes (e.g. Coca-Cola and Pepsi). In other words, an increase in the price of one good will lead consumers to shift demand towards the relatively cheaper substitute good. When the cross price elasticity is negative the goods are complementary good (e.g. coffee and milk). In other words, an increase in the price of one good will negatively affect both its own demand and the demand of goods that are usually bought to accompany it.
iii) Income Elasticity of Demand
The income elasticity measures the sensitivity of demand for a good to changes in individual or aggregate income levels :
An income elasticity between 0 and +1 indicates a normal good, where the quantity demanded increases at the same or a lesser rate than the increase in income. For example, a good where a 10% increase in income results in a 0-10% increase in consumption would be considered a "normal"good .
An income elasticity greater than +1 indicates what econimists call a luxury good, where consumption increase by a greater proportion than income. For example, as discretionary incomes rise consumers can afford to buy higher quality and/or leisure related goods that were previously beyond their reach. This does not mean these goods are the exclusive preserve of the rich, but that as living standards rise consumers value buying these goods the most. It is a measure of a highly valued good in consumer welfare terms.
Demand elasticities measure the change in the quantity demanded of a particular good or service as a result of changes to other economic variables, such as its own price, the price of competing or complementary goods and services , income levels, taxes, etc. This report estimates the demand elasticity of air travel under various scenarios and locations. It highlights three main types of demand elasticity: own price elasticity, cross price elasticity and income elasticity i) Price Elasticity of DemandPrice elasticity is a measure used to capture the sensitivity of consumer demand for a good or service in response to changes in the price of that particular good or service. The price elasticity is defined as :The quantity demanded generally decreases when the price increases, so this ratio is usually expected to be negative. For example, if a 10% increase in the price of good A results in a 6% fall in the quantity demanded of that good, its own price elasticity is -0.6, By contrast, if a 10% fall in the price of good B leads to a 12% increase in the quantity demanded of good B, its own price elasticity is -1.2.Goods with elasticities greater than one in absolute value are referred to as having elastic or price sensitive demand. In other words, the proportional change in quantity demanded will be grater than the proportional change in price. A price increase will result in a revenue decrease to the producer since the renevue lost from the resulting decrease in quantity sold is more than the revenue gained from the price increase.ii) Cross Price Elasticity of DemandThe cross price elasticity measures the interaction in demand between different goods or services. it measures the sensitivity of demand for a particular good to changes in the price of another good:When the cross price elasticity is positive, the two goods are substitutes (e.g. Coca-Cola and Pepsi). In other words, an increase in the price of one good will lead consumers to shift demand towards the relatively cheaper substitute good. When the cross price elasticity is negative the goods are complementary good (e.g. coffee and milk). In other words, an increase in the price of one good will negatively affect both its own demand and the demand of goods that are usually bought to accompany it.iii) Income Elasticity of DemandThe income elasticity measures the sensitivity of demand for a good to changes in individual or aggregate income levels :An income elasticity between 0 and +1 indicates a normal good, where the quantity demanded increases at the same or a lesser rate than the increase in income. For example, a good where a 10% increase in income results in a 0-10% increase in consumption would be considered a "normal"good .An income elasticity greater than +1 indicates what econimists call a luxury good, where consumption increase by a greater proportion than income. For example, as discretionary incomes rise consumers can afford to buy higher quality and/or leisure related goods that were previously beyond their reach. This does not mean these goods are the exclusive preserve of the rich, but that as living standards rise consumers value buying these goods the most. It is a measure of a highly valued good in consumer welfare terms.
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