The means and standard deviations for modelling and intra-mathematical performance
are shown in Table 2. The negative values in modelling indicate that the modelling
test was more difficult for students than the intra-mathematical test. Students’ performances
at pretest differed slightly between the multiple-solution and one-solution
groups. Students in the group in which multiple solutions were prompted showed
slightly better results on the modelling and intra-mathematical pretests, but t tests
revealed that these differences were not statistically significant (modelling: t(142)=
1.623, p=.11; intra-mathematical: t(142)=1.593, p=.11)