Surface application
Septage can be applied to the land as a fertilizer and
soil conditioner. Application rates depend on the
slope, soil type, depth of application, drainage class,
and hydraulic loading. Septage must not be applied
before or during rainfall or on frozen ground. Thus,
an interim storage facility is needed. Some states
require septage to be disinfected before application.
• Spray Irrigation-pretreated (e.g., screened)
septage is pumped at 80 to 100 psi through
nozzles and sprayed directly onto the land.
Spray irrigation can be used on steep or
rough land and minimizes disturbances to
the soil by trucks. It is important to
consider the wind patterns and the site
location when using spray irrigation because
of the offensive odors associated with
septage.
• Ridge and Furrow Irrigation-this is used for
relatively level land, with slopes no greater
than 0.5 to 1.5%. In this disposal method,
pretreated septage is applied directly to
furrows or to row crops that will not be
directly consumed by humans.
• Hauler Truck Spreading-septage is applied
to the soil directly from a hauler truck that
uses a splash plate to improve distribution.
The same truck that pumps out the septic
tank can be used for transporting and
disposing the septage.
• Farm Tractor and Wagon Spreading-liquid
septage or septage solids are transferred to
farm equipment for spreading. This allows
for application of liquid or solid septage.
However, if the septage was not lime
stabilized, then the septage must be
incorporated into the soil within 6 hours.
Subsurface Incorporation
Subsurface incorporation places untreated septage
just below the soil surface, reducing odors and
health risks while fertilizing and conditioning the
soil. Septage can only be applied to slopes less than
8%, and the soil depth to seasonal high water table
must be at least 20 inches (or as mandated by local
regulations). A holding facility is required during
periods of wet or frozen ground. To prevent soil
compaction and allow sufficient infiltration,
equipment must not be driven over the site until 1 to
2 weeks after application.
• Plow and Furrow Cover-typically, a
moldboard plow is used with furrow wheels
and coulters. The coulter blade slits the
ground ahead of a plow. Liquid septage is
discharged from a tank into a narrow furrow
about 15 to 20 cm deep and is then covered
by a second plow.
• Subsurface Injection-liquid septage is
injected in a narrow cavity created by a
tillage tool. The opening is about 10 to 15
cm below the surface. Some equipment
uses a forced closure of the injection swath.
Burial
Septage burial includes disposal in holding lagoons,
trenches, and sanitary landfills. There is a high odor
potential during septage application until a final
cover is placed on top. It is essential to select an
appropriate site for disposal not only to control
odors, but to avoid groundwater pollution.
• Holding Lagoons- these disposal lagoons
are a maximum of 6 feet deep, with septage
placed in small incremental lifts of 15 to 30
cm and no infiltration. Multiple lagoons are
loaded in sequential order for optimum
drying. To decrease odors, the lagoon inlet
pipe can be placed below liquid level.
• Trenches-multiple trenches are filled
sequentially with septage in small lifts of 15
to 20 cm for optimum drying. Each trench
is then covered with soil (2 feet), and new
trenches are opened. Another option is to
leave a filled trench uncovered to enable
some solids to settle and liquids to
evaporate and leach out. The solids, along
with some bottom and sidewall material, are
removed and the trench can be reused.
Surface applicationSeptage can be applied to the land as a fertilizer andsoil conditioner. Application rates depend on theslope, soil type, depth of application, drainage class,and hydraulic loading. Septage must not be appliedbefore or during rainfall or on frozen ground. Thus,an interim storage facility is needed. Some statesrequire septage to be disinfected before application.• Spray Irrigation-pretreated (e.g., screened)septage is pumped at 80 to 100 psi throughnozzles and sprayed directly onto the land.Spray irrigation can be used on steep orrough land and minimizes disturbances tothe soil by trucks. It is important toconsider the wind patterns and the sitelocation when using spray irrigation becauseof the offensive odors associated withseptage.• Ridge and Furrow Irrigation-this is used forrelatively level land, with slopes no greaterthan 0.5 to 1.5%. In this disposal method,pretreated septage is applied directly tofurrows or to row crops that will not bedirectly consumed by humans.• Hauler Truck Spreading-septage is appliedto the soil directly from a hauler truck thatuses a splash plate to improve distribution.The same truck that pumps out the septictank can be used for transporting anddisposing the septage.• Farm Tractor and Wagon Spreading-liquidseptage or septage solids are transferred tofarm equipment for spreading. This allowsfor application of liquid or solid septage.However, if the septage was not limestabilized, then the septage must beincorporated into the soil within 6 hours.Subsurface IncorporationSubsurface incorporation places untreated septagejust below the soil surface, reducing odors andhealth risks while fertilizing and conditioning thesoil. Septage can only be applied to slopes less than8%, and the soil depth to seasonal high water tablemust be at least 20 inches (or as mandated by localregulations). A holding facility is required duringperiods of wet or frozen ground. To prevent soilcompaction and allow sufficient infiltration,equipment must not be driven over the site until 1 to2 weeks after application.• Plow and Furrow Cover-typically, amoldboard plow is used with furrow wheelsand coulters. The coulter blade slits theground ahead of a plow. Liquid septage isdischarged from a tank into a narrow furrowabout 15 to 20 cm deep and is then coveredby a second plow.• Subsurface Injection-liquid septage isinjected in a narrow cavity created by atillage tool. The opening is about 10 to 15cm below the surface. Some equipmentuses a forced closure of the injection swath.BurialSeptage burial includes disposal in holding lagoons,trenches, and sanitary landfills. There is a high odorpotential during septage application until a finalcover is placed on top. It is essential to select anappropriate site for disposal not only to controlodors, but to avoid groundwater pollution.• Holding Lagoons- these disposal lagoonsare a maximum of 6 feet deep, with septageplaced in small incremental lifts of 15 to 30cm and no infiltration. Multiple lagoons areloaded in sequential order for optimumdrying. To decrease odors, the lagoon inletpipe can be placed below liquid level.• Trenches-multiple trenches are filledsequentially with septage in small lifts of 15to 20 cm for optimum drying. Each trenchis then covered with soil (2 feet), and newtrenches are opened. Another option is toleave a filled trench uncovered to enablesome solids to settle and liquids toevaporate and leach out. The solids, alongwith some bottom and sidewall material, areremoved and the trench can be reused.
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