Some western thinkers, like British phoilosopher Adam Smith, Held that Capitlism - private ownership of industry - benefited socity as a whole and should opereate without government controls . Other German thinker karl Marx believed that capitalism
should be replaced by socialism, a system in which the workers themselves or through government would control industry for the pubilc good . The industrial Age saw great advances in science, from ideas about human origins to new methods for fighting diseases improved means of transportation allowed people to emigrate from their native lands. interest in education led to the spread of literacy , while artists and writers responded to the changing times in a variety of ways