As in the previous versions of the Standards, the current chapter addresses measurement bias as a central threat to fairness in testing. However, it also adds two major concepts that have emerged in the literature, particularly in literature regarding education, for minimizing bias and thereby increasing fairness. The first concept is accessibility, the notion that all test takers should have an unobstructed opportunity to demonstrate their standing on the construct(s) being measured. For example, individuals with limited English proficiency may not be adequately diagnosed on the target construct of a clinical examination if the assessment requires a level of English proficiency that they do not possess. Similarly, standard print and some electronic formats can disadvantage examinees with visual impairments and some older adults who need magnification for reading, and the disadvantage is considered unfair if visual acuity is irrelevant to the construct being measured. These examples show how access to the construct the test is measuring can be impeded by characteristics and/or skills that are unrelated to the validity of score interpretations for intended uses for certain individuals and/or subgroups in the intended test-taking population. Accessibility is a legal requirement in some testing contexts.