The stability of the nanofluid
can be enhanced by different methods. However, the most
cost-effective method is by adding surfactants, called noncovalent
functionalization, to increase the stability of the
dispersion of nanoparticles in the nanofluid (Madni et al.,
2010; Ghadimi and Metselaar, 2013). However, due to
the cooling and heating cycles that occur in heat transfer
applications, surfactants have a tendency to create foam,
which has negative effects on the viscosity and thermal conductivity
of the nanofluids, a phenomenon that must be
examined carefully (Aravind et al., 2011; Mingzheng
et al., 2012). The second point to be considered is the cost
of the nanofluid, which is relatively high due to complications
in the manufacturing process of nanoparticles