Bandura's social cognitive theory (1986) posits that human functioning results from reciprocal interactions among personal factors (e.g., cognitions, emotions), behaviors, and environmental conditions. There are two primary cognitive sources of motivation (personal factors): goals and expectations. Goals help to focus and sustain effort toward task completion. As people work on tasks they compare their performances with their goals. Positive self-evaluations of progress raise self-efficacy (discussed below) and sustain motivation. The perception of a discrepancy between present performance and the goal can create dissatisfaction and raise motivation for goal attainment.