(a) children’s L1 is important for their overall language and cognitive development and their academic
achievement;
(b) if children are growing up with one language, educational provisions need to support them in becoming
highly proficient in that language before engaging in academic work in L2; and
(c) becoming highly proficient (e.g., achieving CALP, as reviewed earlier) appears to take six to eight years
of schooling (i.e., at least until the end of primary year six).