Introduction
Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are widely
regarded as a potential new power source for future vehicles
with its prominent characters such as low-operational temperatures,
high working efficiency and low aggression to the
environment [1]. The transient response and dynamic characteristics
of PEMFCs under load change conditions are very
important in transportation applications. Under load change
conditions, an abrupt load change tends to cause large water
generation. A variation of water transport inside the PEMFCs
causes adverse dynamic behaviors such as massive flooding
and voltage fluctuation [2]. In addition, the PEMFCs in vehicles
is highly impacted by the vibration under real road conditions
due to the uneven pavement and the rotation of vehicle
components. However, PEMFC vehicles on the road are often
accompanied by vibration. Therefore, it is necessary to characterize
the dynamic behaviors of PEMFCs under vibration to
achieve high performance and reliability in the vehicular
application