degrees of energy consumption in the primary production,
processing (see Table 1), retail distribution, use by the consumer
and final disposal. Another major concern for the
sustainability of the FPI is water usage which occurs in cleaning
and washing; grading and transport and process heat,
steam generation and cooling operations. Water usage is also
associated with the generation of polluting effluents and the
potential loss of valuable by-products. These four elements:
energy, water usage, effluents and valuable by-product recovery
are crucial elements in improving the sustainability of the
FPI and are also bound up in the concept of cleaner production
which is a process analysis aimed at roughly the same
goals. All these issues are considered for the fish processing
industry as a good example for the challenges facing the FPI
generally (Hall, 2010). This paper will deal only with energy,
indicating sustainable generation options and the wider concepts
associated with this particular process element which
must be addressed to provide an all-encompassing solution