In considering the potential range of therapeutic targets that are emerging, an important issue is to improve ways of conceptualizing individual differences in hearing voices. CBT-based approaches have evolved to be heavily focused on individualized case conceptualization as the key means of determining therapeutic direction, conducted using basic transdiagnostic principles of functional analysis13 or cognitive formulation.18 This process would benefit significantly from research-based principles to aid in conceptualizing individual differences related to voice experience and prioritizing therapy targets.