However, Kuby and Aldridge (1997) carried out a study to ascertain whether there were any
significant differences in the early reading ability of kindergarten children who received direct instruction
with print and those who received face-to-face instruction and those who received no instruction. The
study revealed that the control group and the face-to-face instruction groups scored significantly higher
than the direct instruction group. The effect of direct or face-to-face and on-line instruction in library use
was compared by Churckovich and Oughtred (2002). Results indicated that students with face-to-face
instruction did gain higher post-test mean scores and felt more confident about their library use skill than
those in the on-line tutorial session