7. THE EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE OF TAQ CONSTRUCTION
The quotations below from the authors were based on observations made during the first several weeks after the earthquake. Describing taq construction, which they observed in the damage district on the Indian side of the Line of Control, Professors Rai and Murty observed: “In older construction, form of timber-laced masonry, known as Taq has been practised. In this construction large pieces of wood are used as horizontal runners embedded in the heavy masonry walls, adding to the lateral load-resisting ability of the structure. Masonry laced with timber performed satisfactorily as expected, as it arrests destructive cracking, evenly distributes the deformation which adds to the energy dissipation capacity of the system, without jeopardizing its structural integrity and vertical load-carrying capacity”. It is interesting to compare their observation with that of Professors N. Gosain and A.S. Arya after an inspection of the damage from the Anantnag Earthquake of 20 February 1967, where they found buildings of similar construction to Kashmiri taq: “The timber runners tie the short wall to the long wall and also bind the pier and the infill to some extent. Perhaps the greatest advantage gained from such runners is that they impart ductility to an otherwise very brittle structure. An increase in ductility augments the energy absorbing capacity of the structure, thereby increasing its chances of survival during the course of an earthquake shock”. These two reports are separated by almost 40 years. Gosain and Arya ascribe a kind of ductile behaviour to the timber-laced masonry and even say that the timbers “impart ductility” and augment “energy absorbing capacity”, while Rai and Murty use the term “energy dissipation capacity” to describe the same phenomenon. The different ways of describing this behaviour simply reflect changes in terminology, as the word “ductility” is more scientifically correct when used to describe an attribute of a single material rather than that of a combination of materials; but the basic phenomenon remains the same, and other noted scholars have made similar observations in other countries.
Rai and Murty in 2005 avoided the use of the term “ductile” probably because the materials in taq are not ductile and do not manifest plastic behaviour. However, what makes timber-laced masonry work well in earthquakes is its ductile-like behaviour as a system. This behaviour results from the energy dissipation because of the friction between the masonry and the timbers and between the masonry units themselves. Another important feature with timber-laced masonry is to understand that the mortar is not designed to hold the bricks together, but rather to hold them apart. It is the timbers that tie them all together. The benefits of energy dissipation are gained from the non destructive friction and cracking that can take place in a masonry wall that is surrounded and thus confined by the timber bands.
7. การต้านทานแผ่นดินไหวของ TAQ The quotations below from the authors were based on observations made during the first several weeks after the earthquake. Describing taq construction, which they observed in the damage district on the Indian side of the Line of Control, Professors Rai and Murty observed: “In older construction, form of timber-laced masonry, known as Taq has been practised. In this construction large pieces of wood are used as horizontal runners embedded in the heavy masonry walls, adding to the lateral load-resisting ability of the structure. Masonry laced with timber performed satisfactorily as expected, as it arrests destructive cracking, evenly distributes the deformation which adds to the energy dissipation capacity of the system, without jeopardizing its structural integrity and vertical load-carrying capacity”. It is interesting to compare their observation with that of Professors N. Gosain and A.S. Arya after an inspection of the damage from the Anantnag Earthquake of 20 February 1967, where they found buildings of similar construction to Kashmiri taq: “The timber runners tie the short wall to the long wall and also bind the pier and the infill to some extent. Perhaps the greatest advantage gained from such runners is that they impart ductility to an otherwise very brittle structure. An increase in ductility augments the energy absorbing capacity of the structure, thereby increasing its chances of survival during the course of an earthquake shock”. These two reports are separated by almost 40 years. Gosain and Arya ascribe a kind of ductile behaviour to the timber-laced masonry and even say that the timbers “impart ductility” and augment “energy absorbing capacity”, while Rai and Murty use the term “energy dissipation capacity” to describe the same phenomenon. The different ways of describing this behaviour simply reflect changes in terminology, as the word “ductility” is more scientifically correct when used to describe an attribute of a single material rather than that of a combination of materials; but the basic phenomenon remains the same, and other noted scholars have made similar observations in other countries. ไร่และ Murty ในปี 2005 หลีกเลี่ยงการใช้คำ "ductile" คงเนื่องจากวัสดุใน taq ไม่ ductile และรายการพฤติกรรมพลาสติก อย่างไรก็ตาม สิ่งที่ทำให้ไม้ laced ปูนทำงานดีในแผ่นดินไหวได้พฤติกรรมของ ductile เหมือนเป็นระบบ พฤติกรรมนี้เกิดจากการกระจายพลังงานเนื่องจากแรงเสียดทาน ระหว่างปูนและไม้ใน และ ระหว่างหน่วยวัสดุก่อสร้างเอง คุณลักษณะที่สำคัญอีก ด้วย laced ไม้ปูนเข้าใจว่า ปูนจะไม่ออกแบบมาถืออิฐ แต่แทนที่จะ ไปเก็บพวกเขาออกจากกันได้ เป็นไม้ที่ผูกเข้าด้วยกันทั้งหมด ประโยชน์ของการกระจายพลังงานได้รับจากแรงเสียดทานไม่ทำลาย และแตกที่เกิดขึ้นในผนังปูนที่ล้อมรอบ และขังดัง โดยวงไม้
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