and paper tests, whereas in the infusing and transforming stages projectbased portfolios may be more appropriate. Each part of a school system needs to be evaluated to determine its impact on learning. Assessment should inform practice and support the management of learning. Assessment should allow a system to determine whether outcomes have been met, and then reviewed and revised accordingly. Budget allocations, policies, and procedures for ICT should match vision, teaching philosophies, and curriculum choices.
A MATRIX FOR ICT DEVELOPMENT IN SCHOOLS
A two-dimensional matrix is developed below (see Table 3.1) that helps schools determine their stage of progress with regard to the implementation of ICT in the curriculum. Along the horizontal dimension are charted the four approaches to ICT development described first in this chapter, while along the vertical dimension are the eight characteristics of schools that relate to ICT development described immediately above in this chapter. Each cell of the matrix provides a brief picture or set of indicators of how a particular approach to ICT may look like in schools sharing similar characteristics. For each row of the matrix, a school may find itself more in one cell while being less involved in other cells. Both the identified approaches and the characteristics of schools depicted in Table 3.1 derive from international trends in the use of ICT in education.
Emerging approach
The second column of Table 3.1 lists indicators for eight characteristics of schools under the emerging approach to ICT development. These indicators are now described in more detail.
Vision
The school's vision of learning and ICT is beginning to develop. The use of ICT is focused on computers under the responsibility of an enthusiastic individual or a small group with very specific uses for teaching or administration, based on their own knowledge and expertise. The vision is a pragmatic response with access to resources and expertise available.