A less widely recognized recommendation from outside of manufacturing is
that the formulation and communication of information with ICTs should be designed.
Information design seeks to improve the effectiveness of information for specific
audiences/recipients (Jacobson, 1999). Communication design is concerned with the
selection of media most suitable for carrying particular information to specific
audiences/recipients (Barry and Fulmer, 2004). It has been argued that the design of
information and its communication can bring about improvements in the performance
of individuals (Schwartz and Hartman, 2006) and organizations (Devlin and Rosenberg,
1996). The design of information and its communication may be relevant to instruction
of manual skills with ICTs such as virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR).