5. Conclusion
SS-AD operated at solids concentrations of 15–40% has been
widely applied in Europe for the processing of MSW, food waste,
and agricultural waste for energy production. Lignocellulosic
biomass such as corn stover, wheat straw, rice straw, and leaves
can be pretreated with chemical or thermochemical methods
before feeding into the SS-AD reactor. A thermophilic temperature
is more suitable for SS-AD than a mesosphilic one as the former can
produce more biogas and shorten the start-up period without
significant increase in energy consumption for heating up. An
optimal C/N ratio is necessary to minimize the accumulation of
VFAs produced during the fermentation stage and to increase the
process stability and biogas yield. Excess VFAs may inhibit the
methanogenesis reaction. The major limitations of SS-AD include
long retention time and the requirement of digested materials or
leachate to inoculate the fresh feedstocks. These challenges can be
overcome with the improvement of process and reactor design. As
seen in many commercial examples in Dranco, Valorga, or
Kompogas reactors, the SS-AD process continues to prove its
capability to effectively convert waste material into energy.
Continued improvement of continuous and batch SS-AD processes
is necessary to treat not only MSW but lignocellulosic biomass
such as crop residues and energy crops.
Acknowledgement
This project was funded by Ohio Agricultural Research and
Development Center (OARDC) SEEDS Program. The authors wish to
thank Mrs. Mary Wicks (Department of Food, Agricultural and
Biological Engineering, OSU) and Mr. Ned Mast for their valuable
inputs.
5. ConclusionSS-AD operated at solids concentrations of 15–40% has beenwidely applied in Europe for the processing of MSW, food waste,and agricultural waste for energy production. Lignocellulosicbiomass such as corn stover, wheat straw, rice straw, and leavescan be pretreated with chemical or thermochemical methodsbefore feeding into the SS-AD reactor. A thermophilic temperatureis more suitable for SS-AD than a mesosphilic one as the former canproduce more biogas and shorten the start-up period withoutsignificant increase in energy consumption for heating up. Anoptimal C/N ratio is necessary to minimize the accumulation ofVFAs produced during the fermentation stage and to increase theprocess stability and biogas yield. Excess VFAs may inhibit themethanogenesis reaction. The major limitations of SS-AD includelong retention time and the requirement of digested materials orleachate to inoculate the fresh feedstocks. These challenges can beovercome with the improvement of process and reactor design. Asseen in many commercial examples in Dranco, Valorga, orKompogas reactors, the SS-AD process continues to prove itscapability to effectively convert waste material into energy.Continued improvement of continuous and batch SS-AD processesis necessary to treat not only MSW but lignocellulosic biomasssuch as crop residues and energy crops.AcknowledgementThis project was funded by Ohio Agricultural Research andDevelopment Center (OARDC) SEEDS Program. The authors wish tothank Mrs. Mary Wicks (Department of Food, Agricultural andBiological Engineering, OSU) and Mr. Ned Mast for their valuableinputs.
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