the absence of seasonal variation of FSCR in large farms indicates that large farms have different management from small and intermediate farms to minimize seasonal effect on reproductive performance. This could be associated with the quality of the feed, which affects the body condition of the cows. In the studied region, producers raise cows mainly on roughage grown on their farm. However, it is difficult to maintain a consistent quality of roughage during the four distinct seasons that occur in the Miyazaki prefecture, which has widely varying average monthly temperatures that range from 7.5 °C to 27.3 °C. In beef cattle, insufficient intakes of energy, protein, vitamins, and microminerals, and macrominerals have all been associated with suboptimal reproductive performance [21]. Large farms in the studied region usually changed the amount of concentrate fed depending on the quality of their roughage. To maintain optimal reproductive efficiency, it is important to check the nutritional content of the feed and to revise the feeding program as needed to meet energy requirements.